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REPORT OF 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING 


OF THE 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF 

STATE OFFICIALS. 


HELD AT SPRINGFIELD. 


FEBRUARY I, AND APRIL- 8, 1903. 


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REPORT OF 


9 } 

ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING 


OF THE 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF 

STATE OFFICIALS* 


HELD AT SPRINGFIELD. 


FEBRUARY I, AND APRIL 8, 1903. 






REFORMATORY PRINTING TRADE-SCHOOL 
1903 







Ttje corrjposition, prirjting and binding of this report was dope by tfje in¬ 
mates of tf]e Illinois State Ffeformatory, in tl]e Prin + ipg and Bookbinding 
Trade-sct)ooi. 




















OFFICIAL BOARD. 


President, 
Vice-preside at, . 
Vice-president, . 
Vice-president, 
Secretary, . . . 

Assistant-secretary, 


-3 - - ■ .. - =o ~ — -- =gi 

Bishop, SAMUEL FALLOWS,. Chicago. 


Dr. R. F. BENNETT,. Anna. 

Captain J. H. FREEMAN, Jacksonville. 

DENIS J. HOGAN, . Geneva. 

E. A. SN1VELY. Springfield. 

Mrs. ELLA M. RAINEY. 








EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 

^==========0=======^ 

Warden E. J. MURPHY, .Joliet. 

JOHN H. DUNCAN, .Marion. 

A. L. FRENCH, .Chapin. 

Dk. J. A. EAGAN, .Springfield. 

WALTER WOOD, . Cairo. 

Dr. W. E. TAYLOR, .Watertown. 

Gen. JOHN C. BLACK, . Chicago. 

Prof. J. W. HENNINGER . Macomb. 

A. H, JONES, .Robinson. 















P^evort of Organization and First Meeting of the Illinois 

State Officials . 


Wednesday, February 4, 1903. 

At the csll of Governor Yates, a meeting of the Boards of Trustees 
and Commissioners, Superintendents and heads of the departments of the 
State of Illinois, was held at the Executive mansion on the above date, at 
the hour of ten o’clock, a. m. 

The meeting was called to order by the Governor, who spoke in sub¬ 
stance as follows: 

T have called you gentlemen and ladies together to-day, for several 
purposes. In the first plane, I think it is very desirable that as you are 
all connected with the sa ne great institution, and indeed are, so to speak, 
members of the faculty of the great institution called the State of Illinois 
you should be well acquainted with one another. In the absence of ac¬ 
quaintanceship with one another, you may perhaps not be aware of the 
fact ofwhich I am perfectly aware, and also very proud: and that fact is, 
that the members and secretaries of the Illinois boards and commissions, 
and the heads of the Illinois departments and State institutions, consti 
tute a very fine body of men. I say this advisedly. There is no reason 
why I should endeavor to address words of mere flattery or compliment 
to y du. It is only necessary for any man in this house to look over these 
f >ur rooms now, and look into the faces of these men and women, to b^ 
convinced of the truth of what I say; and if this gathering accomplishes 
no other result than the knowledge which you will take away from here 
to-day, after looking in these f*ces, of the intelligence and integrity in 
thi* body of men an l w Knee,a remit will have bienobcained of which I will 
be proud and you will be proud. I say tnis he :ause in different portions 
of the state at different times, v iri ms id-informed people, with various 
motives, have said that I, as governor, have assembled about me in the 
various boards of this state a body of inferior men and women, You, per¬ 
haps, have not seen as raanvpf the-e statements as I have. The answer to 
toat proposition is here in this house this morning. If you a-e inferior men 
and women, there are no superior men and women in the state of Illinois. 

In the second place, f am of the opinion 1 1 it it is not eaougn that 
you should be simply well acquainted. I have come to theemdusm te ad¬ 
vocate a series of quarterly m ntings. It is i np >rt tut th i r . each min on- 



10 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OK THE 


nected as you are with one department of the State government, should 
also know each man connected with every other department—not simply 
in the acquaintanceship formed in one meeting, but by the closer acquain¬ 
tanceship which will grow out of a series of meetings. It is further import¬ 
ant that each of you understand something of the work of each and all of 
the departments. This will be knowledge added to acquaintance. This 
knowledge can be acquired by our having read at each of the quarterly 
meetings a series of papers prepared ny representatives of the different 
institutions and departments. 

Id the third place, I am of the opinion that in addition to the 
acquaintanceship mentioned in the first place, and the knowledge men¬ 
tioned in the second place, there should be, as an aid to both these tnings, 
a formal association—not too formal, but sufficiently formal to impress 
you, each one, with the objects and aims of your associations together. 
To this end, I suggset the organization here to-day of an association of 
State officials, to be called, if you please, The Iilinos Ass edition of State 
Officials. And as a matter of detail, and in order that this organization 
may be immediate and symmetrical, I suggest that you appoint a commit¬ 
tee of three; this committee to retire and in fift93u minutes to report an 
Executive Committee of nine members, also a list of offliers of the Asso¬ 
ciations brief Constitution for this organization,and a programme for the 
first quarterly meeting to be held on the first day of April. 

I have reduced to writing these thr«e punts, in order tint I might 
fully and accurately express myself; and now, in addition, 1 have a few 
words to say to you verbally: 

Ladies and gentlemen: The organization which I suggest is not, and 
will not be, a political organization. 1 should have suggested and urged 
this association two years ago, bad it not bsen for the fact, which I am 
perfectly williog to admit, taat had this association been effected at that 
time, I would have been charged, and you would have been charged with 
a desire to bring about some political result. This organization or asso¬ 
ciation is not, and will not be a political organization. It is scarcely 
necessary for me to enlarge upon what I have already said. I do not 
claim that I have in any great way favored or befriended you by appoint¬ 
ing you upon the several respective boards upon which you are serving. 
In many cases you do more for the state than the state or I are doing 
for you. In many cases you render to the State a tribute and sacrifice 
of time and energy and money, which makes the State obliged to you, 
rather than you to the State or to me. But here we a'm, the faculty, as I 
have said, of a great institution. Here we are, the people who, through 
their different departments and institutions, are the connecting link 
between the populace of Illinois and the State. To illustrate what I mean, 
A friend of mine has a sister who is a missionary in China. This sister 
wrote him a number of years ago, after being in Chic a a number of years, 
that the natives of that kingdom had little regard for the United States, 
because all they saw of the American nation was its navy- the old rotten, 
wooden hulks of ships that came into the Chinese ports; and, judging by 
that which W'S tangible, that wh ; eh they «aw, they came to the concli;- 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS. 


11 ' 


sion that we were really not a nation. But in recent years, since the im¬ 
provement of.the navy, and now that the finest and smartest ships that 
go into the harbors of China float the American flag, these people, judg¬ 
ing still by that which is tangible, and that which they see, have a pro¬ 
found regard for the American people. Now the institutions of the 
departments of the State of Illinois are tangible, and are the real connect¬ 
ing links between the people and the state. How important it immediately 
becomes when you suggest this, that every one of these institutions and 
every one of these departments be up-to date, and be animated by one 
desire, and one desire only, ^namely, as I told you at your last meeting—- 
the very highest] and the best interests of the State of Illinois. And that 
being true, I have the right to ask of each and every one of you, that you 
do devote time, attention, energy, and whatever little traveling and expense 
are necessary to make this Association of State Officials of the State of 
Illinois a real benefit. 

No man on any board has a right to serve on that board unless he 
knows not only his own department, but something of other departments. 
The head of a certain department—the Game Commissioner, for instance 
—traveling in a distant part of the state, hears some allegation, some 
charge against another department—the Canal Department for instance. 
If, in a series of meetings such as I propose, the real facts are given con¬ 
cerning that Canal Department, thatGame Commissioner can saylotheman 
who is slandering that department, and slandering the state, “I know 
better; I know the facts about that department, and the facts are as fol¬ 
lows.” Nothing but good, it seems to me, can come from such an 
organization. 

In reference to what I have said about this not being a political organ¬ 
ization—in order that I may be absolutely understood, and in order that I 
may be sufficiently emphatic, let me state to you that there is a political 
organization in the state of Illinois, with its executive committee, with its 
organization in the precincts, and of that organization I have the honor to 
be president and chairman, and that organization has attended to politics, 
that organization is now attending to politics, and that organization will 
attend to politics. Therefore it is not necessary for anyone in this house 
this morning to feel that in becoming a member of this association, he is 
in anyway entangling himself with an embarassing political alliance. If 
anybody is so very sensitive a3 to fear to join this association, I would like 
to have his resignation in the next fifteen minutes, because a man who 
is so unwise as to think that there is any danger in an association of the 
character which I suggest, for the benefit of the departments, for the 
benefit of the institution, for the benefit of the state—a man who is so 
unwise as to think that kind of a thing could be distorted into a political 
organization, is so unwise that I do not want him on any of my boards. 

Now, in conclusion, I suggest again that there be a committee of three 
appointed to select an executive committee of nine, a list of officers, and a 
constitution for this organization. I would suggest also that they report 
to this association a program for the first quarterly meeting of this associa¬ 
tion to be held on the first day of April; that program to include, for 


12 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


instance, a paper by some member of the Pardon Board on the Pa¬ 
role System, a paper by some member of the Civil Service Commission 
upon the condition and prospects of that question;a paper by some member 
or officer of the State Board of Health, in regard to the proposition for an 
institution for the cure of tuberculosis; a paper by General Black, whom I 
am very glad to see here this morning, upon, for instance, either the work 
of the Vicksburg Commission, or the movement for the restoration of old 
Fort Massac, etc. 

It was then moved by Warden Murphy that a committee of three be 
appointed for the purposes of organization along the lines suggested by 
the Governor, and that such committee be appointed by the Governor, 
which motion was seconded and carried. 

The Governor then appointed as such committee, the following: 
E. J. Murphy, of Will County; E. A. Snively, of Sangamon County 
Walter Wood, of Alexander County, 

The Governor then made the following announcement: 

A special invitation has been sent to both houses of the General 
Assembly, informing them that at the reception here this evening the 
trustees and commissioners, secretaries and heads of departments will be 
present, and asking them to come and get acquainted. Both Mrs. Yates 
and myself will be more than pleased if just as many of you as possible can 
remain to this reception this evening. I have not called upon you gentle¬ 
men for any duty of this character before. I earnestly urge that unless you 
have matters of business which amount to an emergency, that you remain 
over to-night, and get acquainted with the members of both houses of the 
General Assembly. 

I also have an announcement to make with reference to the Normal 
Boards. I did not think it necessary to include dates for meetings with 
the Boards of Trustees of the Normal schools, in the docket which ap¬ 
pears on the slips of paper which I have prepared; but of course those 
boards will all understand that I shall be delighted to see them at such 
hours as they would care to come. The conditions in reference to the 
Normal schools are such that they really need very little consultation with 
or at headquarters, so to speak, but with reference to appropriations or 
any other subject, whenever or wherever I can be of assistance to those 
boards, I want them to feel that they can command me. And before they 
leave this morning, I would like the Normal Boards to make such arrange¬ 
ments with my secretary with reference to their meetings, as suits their 
convenience. 

The committee of three, appointed by the Governor, then returned, 
and through its chairman, E. A. Snively, made the following report: 
Governor, Ladies and Gentlemen:— 

Your committee on organization desires to submit the following report: 

CONSTITUTION. 

Article 1. 

This Association, shall be called the Illinois Association of State 
Officials. 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS. 


13 


Article II. 

The officers of this Association shall be a president, three vice-presi. 
dents, a secretary and assistant secretary. 

Article III. 

There shall be an Executive Committee of nine, selected annually by 
the Association at its annual meeting, and such other committees as the 
Executive Committee shall provide for. 

Article IV. 

The annual meeting of the Association shall be on the first day of 
January in each year, and there shall be quarterly meetings on the first 
day of April, July and October—said meetings to be held on the second 
day of said months, in case the first day should be Sunday. 

Article V. 

The Executive Committee shall prescribe the program of exercises 
for eaeh meeting. 

Upon motion the above Constitution was amended, providing that 
meetings be held on the second Wednesdays in January, April, July and 
October, and as amended was adopted. 

I am further directed by the Committee to report the following officers: 
President, Bishop Samuel Fallows, of Chicago; Vice Presidents, Dr. R. F. 
Bennett, of Anna; Captain J. H. Freeman, of Jacksonville; Denis J.Hogan, 
of Geneva; Secretary, E. A. Snively; Assistant Secretary, Mrs. Ella M. 
Rainey. 

Executive Committee.—Warden E. J. Murphy, Joliet; John II. Dun¬ 
can, Marion; A. L. French, Chapin; Dr. J. A. Egan, Springfield; Walter 
Wood. Cairo; Dr. W. E. Taylor, Watertown; Gen’l. John C. Black, 
Chicago; Prof. J. W. Henningor, Macomb; A. H. Jones, Robinson; 

Governor Yates: I desire to say that this list of officers is the choice 
of the committee. I have not endeavored to pack this committee. However 
if there is an opposition ticket, I should be very glad to entertain 
nominations. 

Upon motion of Mr. W. W. Tracy, of the Lincoln Park Board, second¬ 
ed by Hon. A. J. Lovejoy and Judge J. B. Messick, the report was there¬ 
upon adopted, and said officers declared elocted. 

The following were appointed a committee to escort Bishop Fallows to 
the chair: Mr. W. W. Tracy, Judge J. B. Messick and Hon. A. J. 
Lovejoy. 

Bishop Fallows, on taking the chair, spoke as follows: 

Governor, Ladies and Gentlemen: 

The unexpected has happened. I am reminded of an incident in my early 
life, when I first began to experiment in preaching. At a great camp meet¬ 
ing near the confines of this state, the one in charge of the meeting said, 
about five minutes before the occurrence was to take place: “We sometimes 
have some men we call ‘minute men’, and now in about five minutes you 
will hear a sermon from the Rev. Mr. Fallows.” I had not the slightest 
expectation of preaching, and my heart was in my boots. I may say that I 
am of course surprised at the choice which has been made by the com- 




u 


ORGAN1ZA.TION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


mittee, but I have made it an invariable rule of life always to accept the 
situation, and do the best I can if placed in a position of responsibility or 
trust. 

Now eliminating my own personality entirely, I may say that any man 
may be justly proud to be connected in any way with such a body of men 
and women as is here before me and around me to-day; and especially, to- 
be president of such an organization. It is an honor,and I am profoundly 
grateful to the committee, and to you, m3mber3 of this organization, for 
the position you have entrusted to me. I will do the best I can, with your 
cordial co-operation, and I am very sure that this new association will be 
of inestimable benefit to the state. We ought to get acquainted, one with 
another, and although we may have to wear badges to indicate wher3 we 
belong, perhaps, still if we do not, we shall know each other; and I am 
sure if we know each other better, we will love each other more; and we 
will do better work and we will love the glorious state that we are trying, 
to serve, and will do honor r,o the Governor who has appointed us to these 
positions. 

Mr. Snively: I am directed to make a further report from the Com¬ 
mittee. The Committee has suggested the following program for the 
quarterly meeting to be held in April: 

Paper on State Home for Consumptives, Dr. J. A. Egan, Secretary 
State Board of Health. 

Paper on Inspection of Factories, Edgar T. Davies, Factory Inspector. 

Paper on Inspection of Food, A. H. Jones, Food Inspector. 

Paper on Convict Labor, David Rcss, Secretary Labor Bureau. 

Paper on Arbitration, J. McCan Davis, Secretary Board of Arbitration. 

Paper on State University, A. S. Draper, President University of 
Illinois. 

Paper on Merit System by Statute, Dr. W. E. Taylor, of Civil Service 
Commission. 

Paper on Parole Law, E. A. Snively, of Pardon Board. 

The above report was thereupon adopted. 

Mr. H. F. Aspinwall: I simply rise to a question of information. 
Judging from the number of people that we see before us, it is quite im¬ 
portant that we have a place of meeting. I wished to ask whether we are 
expected to meet here at the mansion, or whether the committee in its 
deliberations should provide some place for the next meeting. It hardly 
seems practicable for these meetings to be held here in the mansion. Of 
course that very largely will depend on the choice of the Governor in that 
direction. In seem to me that we ought to have some place to hold this 
meeting on the first of April. 

Governor Yates: In reply to the suggestion, Mr. President, if you- 
will permit me, I would say that in order that we may get together as we 
have this morning, without interruption from any other so iree whatever, 

I would highly appreciate it if the meetings could be continued at the 
mansion; and it would add a little, I think, to the esprit de corps of the 
whole body, rather than to have it in a public hall. I do not know that 
I am rightabout this, but allow me to suggest that the next meeting be 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS. 


15 


held here, and we will try it and see how it goes, if that is satisfactory 
to all. 

Mr. William A. Meese then moved that the time limit of all papers 
be made twenty minutes, which motion was seconded and carried. 

Judge M. T. Layman then moved that the next meeting of the associ¬ 
ation be held at the Governor’s mansion, at ten o’clock, on the second 
Wednesday of April. 

After considerable dis3ussion as to the day of meeting, it was moved 
and seconded that the date of meeting be made the second Wednesday of 
■each month, instead of the first day of the month, and that the Constitu¬ 
tion be amended accordingly. 

On motion of General Smith, the meeting adjourned until ten o’clock 
on the second Wednesday of April. 


The First 'Regular Meeting. 

The first regular meeting of the Boards of Trustees, Commissioners, 
Members of Boards, Superintendents, and Heads of Departments of the 
state of Illinois was held at the Executive Mansion, in the city of Spring- 
field, Wednesday, April 8th, 1903. 

The meeting was called to order by the president, Bishop Samuel 
Fallows, of Chicago. 

The minutes of the initial meeting were read and approved. 

The secretary read letters from members of the Lincoln Park Commis¬ 
sioners, from Judge W. G. Codman and Mrs. Henry L. Rainey, stating 
their inability to be at the meeting. The program as adopted at the pre¬ 
ceding meeting was then carried out, except the address of Mr. J. McCann 
Davis, on Arbitration, was postponed until the next meeting. 

The addresses delivered follow: 

STATE CARE OF CONSUMPTIVES. 

/By Dr. James A. Egaa. Secretary Illinois State Board of Health, and First Vice 
President American Congress on Tuberculosis. 

Several lines of thought are suggested by the title of this paper and 
the query naturally presents itself, Why should the State care for Con¬ 
sumptives? 

As a preliminary to a discussion on this subject it becomes necessary 
to dwell upon the character of the disease under consideration. 

Consumption, more properly called tuberculosis,is the most prevalent 
.and also the most fatal disease known to mankind. Tuberculosis may 
affect any organ of the body, but it most frequently involves the lungs and 
is then commonly called consumption. The disease has been properly 
named the “Great White Plague”. It stands at the head of the causes of 
deaths in Illinois as it does in many other states of the union and countries 
•of the world. Naturally the disease is most prevalent in certain climates 
and among certain races, but, as stated at the British Congress on Tuber¬ 
culosis, it spares no nation, no age, no vocation, no class of people. Ac- 



16 


ORGANIZ ATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


cording to statistics, about one in every seven deaths is due to some form 
of tuberculosis. In the State of Illinois at least 8,000 persons die every 
year from this disease. Yet, tuberculosis is a preventable disease, and as 
has been aptly stated, the consumptive himself is almost harmless and he 
only becomes harmful through bad habits which are due usually to 
ignorance. 

Tuberculosis of the lungs, commonly called consumption, is caused by 
the pres nee of an organism termed the bacillus tuberculosis in the lungs. 
These bacilli frequently exist by the million and are given off in the sputum 
of consumptive patients, which may be deposited on the sidewalk, on the 
floors of public halls, work-shops, and any public buildings, or on carpets 
in houses; in fact, any place where the consumptive chosss to expectorate. 
This sputum when dried is carried about in the air and may find entrance 
into the lungs and thus cause infection in susceptible persons. 

The germ of consumption may find entrance to the human system in 
three ways: first, by inhalation into the lungs from the sputum of a con¬ 
sumptive; second, by being swallowed with food contaminated with the 
germ; and third, by means of a scratch or abrasion of the skin. The for¬ 
mer is the most common source of infection. Like the patient affected 
with smallpox, the consumptive is most dangerous whem mingling with 
other people. Unlike smallpox, however, consumption cannot usually be 
contracted through mere personal contact, but the consumptive can 
scatter death and destruction wherever he goes through careless expec¬ 
toration, and hence the patient at large is more to be dreadod than one 
who is confired to hi3 bed. 

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease. It is contagious, i. e. communi¬ 
cable through personal contact, in but a limited degree. Through the 
idea prevailing among the people that tuberculosis is contagious, injury 
has been frequently done to the consumptive, who, fully conversant with 
the methods necessary to prevent the dessemination of this disease and 
perfectly willing to avail himself of them, has attempted to mingle with 
his fellow man. On this point I cannot do better than quote from a recent 
paper on Tuberculosis, its Causation and Prevention, by Dr. Herman M. 
Higgs, medical officer of the New York Department of Health, as 
follows: 

“I have always felt that much harm has teen done by calling tuberculosis 
a contagious disease. It causea confusion in the lay mind,because the popular 
conception of a contagious disease is connected with such diseases as scar¬ 
let fever and smallpox, in which a very limited contact may result in in¬ 
fection. Every person should understand that tuberculosis is quite differ¬ 
ent in nature from these diseases, and the mental confusion caused by 
calling it contagious often results in producing incredulity, or a totally 
unwarranted fear of contact with tuberculous persons. Too much emphasis 
cannot be placed on the fa°t that consumptives are only a source of danger 
through the discharges from the diseased tissue—chiefly the sputum—and 
if these are destroyed the most intimate contact with tuberculous patients 
is free from danger.” 

The victims of tuberculosis are mostly of the active working age. 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS. 


17 


They die during the period of their greatest usefulness to the State. Right 
here I may very aptly quote from a recent editorial in theChicago Tribune 
on this subject and others embraced in the paper, as follows: “Tuber¬ 
culosis is injuring society in its most vital part. It is taking men and 
women in their prime. Tuirty-flve per cent, of the people who die of tuber¬ 
culosis are from 15 to 34 years old. Twenty per cent, are from 35 to 45. We 
cannot afford to have our fellow-citizens dying off at the age when they are 
most useful to us. Further than that, leaving our dear fellow-citizens 
altogether out of consideration, we cannot afford to allow ourselves to be 
exposed to daily danger from a disease which is as insinuating as it is 
relentless. Chicago must have hospital accomodation for consumptives. 
Illinois must have sanitorial accomodations for them. Tuberculosis must 
be fought, checked, and finally eradicated. Here is the great medical and 
sanitary duty of the near future.” 

The records of the New Hampshire State Board of Health—I am 
obliged to go outside of Illinois for statistics in the past, for until 1902 Illi¬ 
nois had no effective system of registration of mortuary statistics—show 
that during the period from 1834 to 1901, there died in the state from all 
causes between the ages of twenty and thirty 8,646 persons, of whom 3,521 
succumbed to tuberculosis. In other words 40.72 per cent of deaths be¬ 
tween the ages of twenty and thirty were caused by tuberculosis. 

Between thirty and forty years of age there were from all causes 7,916, 
and from tuberculosis in the same age period 2,484, a percentage of 31.38, 
or one to every three and a fraction deaths. 

Between forty and fifty there were a total of 7,915 deaths from all 
causes, 1,538 of which were credited to tuberculosis, equal to 19.43 percent., 
or one in every five deaths. 

If we make our calculations on the entire period, twenty to fifty years, 
we find that 30.81 per cent., or one death in every three and a fraction wa s 
due to tuberculosis. 

These figures are of startling magnitude,but as stated by the Secretary 
of the New Hampshire State Board of Health “they do not in all probabil¬ 
ity, represent the exact number of deaths from this disease. It is the 
opinion of close obsetvers that the full numbvr of deaths from tuberculo¬ 
sis is never reported as such, for the re son that not infrequently when 
death occurs by reason of the intervention of some other malady, the lat. 
ter is given as the cause of death, and the fact that the patient was suf 
fering from tuberculosis is not known.” 

Turning to our own state,it is estimated that at least 8,000 deaths from 
tuberculosis occur every year in Illinois. This represents a greater number 
of deaths than are caused annually by small-pox, typhoid fever, diph¬ 
theria, scarlet fever, measles and whooping cough combined. These 
figures are based upon the mortuary statistics of the State for the six 
months ending June 30th, 1902. The records for the entire year have cot 
yet been compiled, so it is impracticable at the present time to give the 
exact figures. Assuming that 8,000 deaths from tuberculosis were reported 
• in 1902 and that the death rate of the state from all causes was 65,000, it 


<8 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


would appear that 12.30 per cent., or one death in every eight was due 
to tuberculosis. There is no doubt whatever that these figures are too 
low. For the reasons above stated, many deaths really due to tubercu¬ 
losis are not reported as such. A conservative estimate would place tho 
number of deaths from tuberculosis which occur in the State of Illinois 
annually at about 10,000, or one death in every six or seven. Take, for 
example, the mortality record in the city of Springfield for the month o- 
March, 1903. There were fort}-four deaths from all causes. Of these 
eight were due to tuberculosis,—a percentage of 18.18, or one in every 
five and one-half deaths. 

These statistics bear out the statement that tuberculosis is the most 
fatal disease known to mankind. As such it should be of special concern io 
the State 

“Is the disease curable?” is the question frequently asked. This can be 
answered in the affirmative. It is the « onsensus of medical opinion the world 
over that tuberculosis, commonly called consumption, can be cured. 

As stated by Dr. S. A. Knopf, of New York, a world-renowned author¬ 
ity on the treatment of tuberculosis,“Not only the living but even the dead 
give us absolute proof of the curability of tuberbulosis of tu lungs. In 
the autopsies (post mortem examinations) of many individuals who have 
died of other diseases thin onsumpiion, healed scars are fo ind in the 
lungs, giving the visible evidence of a healed tuberculosis. Statistics con¬ 
cerning this occurence show that the number of cas-s of healed tubtrculo- 
si 3 of the lungs, discovered at autopsies, is nearly tweety-five per cmt.” 

How can this disease be cured? How can we properly care for the c m- 
sumptive and prevent him from di s seminating the disease with which 
he is afflicted? are the ques ions which must he considered.There isnoprob- 
lem before us at the presmt time wnic i in pant of importance and grav¬ 
ity can be compired with this. 

It is a recognized fact that patients suffering from tuberculosis, 
especially those of the poorer classss, cannot be properly cared for at 
their homes. It is essential that the pitient t>> under constant medical 
supervision, that he cinform to rules and regulations regarding diet, 
rest, exercise, personal hygiene wi'ici are si necessary in the treatment of 
tuberculosis. There is a scarcity or almost entire absence of hospital fa¬ 
cilities for the cunsumptive. The ordinary hospital is ill-adapted for the 
treatment of tuberculosis, and tie doors of these institutions even are 
closed against the c >n-»u np’Jve. Wait shall he do? It is useloss to say 
to the wage earner, “You must go away to get well.” He cannot go and he 
cannot receive proper care in his o.vn home. Necessarily, therefore, he 
must die unless the state or muncipality affords hi n relief. 

The neces-iiy for state care of consumptives is being more evidentevery 
year. Wnile perhaps it cannot be insisted that it is the duty of the State 
to care for its sick, the fact must be born in mind that it is an economic 
as wdll as philanthropic m *,asure tu care for the consu motive. Tne State 
mikes pt-ovisi >n for the deaf and dumb, the feeble-minded and the insane 
and ottur unfortunates* yet no provision is made for the care of persons 


ILLINOIS AS3DCI VTION OP STATE OFFICIALS. 


19 


whose ailments are a direct source of danger to the health of the people. 
Through the ravages of consumption the State loses prematurely each 
year thousands of valuable productive lives. In all of those the State has 
a pecuniary interest. The sum paid annually by each county for the sup 
port of the consumptive poor is far greater than what would be required 
for the maintenance of hospitals through the influence of which much sick¬ 
ness would be prevented and hundreds of lives now sacrificed, saved, 
Leaving aside the question of the duty owed bv the State to the people, 
it would seem that there is a decided economic advantage in the main¬ 
tenance of hospitals for consumptives. Physicians and sanitarians through¬ 
out the world advocate state and municipal care of the consumptive who 
cannot be properly cared for at home. In this country there are many pri¬ 
vate sanatoria in different States. In Massachusetts and New York the 
state cares for the consumptives. In many other states active efforts are 
now being made to secure a state sanatorium. Many cities in the United 
States also provide special institutions for the treatment of consumption. 
The war department has established special hospitals for consumptive 
soldiers. A bill for an act to establish and mantain a stJe hospital for the 
treatment of comsumptive® has just been favorably reported by the house 
commit be of the Missouri legislature. Similar bills nave recently passed 
the Rhode Ishind and New Jersey legislatures. In Europe there are many 
stnkoria of consumptives. England alone has about twenty such institu¬ 
tion, and England, it is said, saves the lives of twenly thousand of her in- 
habitauis yearly by the maintenance of special hospitals for consumptives. 

At the American Congress on Tuberculosis, held in New York City in 
June, 1902. Henry D. Holton, M. D., president of the congress,in his presi¬ 
dential address, said: 

‘‘To ihis class rhe State owes a duty that should not longer he delayed. 
It should provide sanatoria in which at the earliest possible me merit 
trie victi n of this terrible scourge shoali be oliced, and thus given all aid 
possible to tiring him back to his just heritage and all the duties of 
citizenship. 

“Sanatoria for consumptives, open to a large class an avenue to escape 
death, at the same time it prevents the spread to a considerable extent o^ 
this dread disease. 

“By gathering as many as possible into sanatoria for treatment we pre¬ 
vent infection of other mtmbers of their familiespnstruct the patient in the 
best methods to be used to prevent communicating it to other-, and, having 
them constantly under the watchful care of an experienced medical man, 
they are gradually brought from under the cloud of disease into the sun¬ 
shine of health, when they can return to their former occupations and as¬ 
sociates, and where they will act as missionaries to instruct others in the 
way of living to prevent their acquiring the disease, li has been found 
that the mortality among patients living in the neighborhood of a sanatoiium 
was very much reduced by reason of information imparted by inmates of 
the sanatoria, as to the metlods of living and caring for themselves. 

i ‘The reported results of treatment in the various sanatoria is certain 


20 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


ly most wonderful, and demands the attention of the profession and the 
public These, reports show that from twenty-five to ninety per cent, of 
case are cured. The variation in results depends in a large measure upon 
the stage of the disease when admitted to the sanatoria.” 

Both the American Congress on Tuberculosis and the American Pub¬ 
lic Health Association which comprises in its membership the leading san- 
atorians of the Western Hemisphere have formally recommended the estab¬ 
lishment of State institutions for the care of persons suffering from tuber¬ 
culosis. Similar action has been taken by many other sanitary organiza¬ 
tions, notably the Conference of State'and Provincial Boards of Health of 
North America, the membership of which comprises the highest sanitary 
authorities of Canada, Mexico, the United States and Cuba. At the annual 
meeting held at New Haven, in October, 1902, the following resolutions 
were adopted: 

“That the proper care of tuberculosis be urged upon state and munici¬ 
pal authorities, and that the construction of sanatoria and isolation hos¬ 
pitals be insisted upon. 

“That it is the duty of states and municipalities, singly or jointly, to 
provide for the proper sanitary care of all tuberculous individuals, either 
at their homes or at hospitals and sanatoria. 

“That the various states and provinces here represented place them¬ 
selves on record as urging the necessity of the establishment and proper 
maintenance of state and municipal institutions for the care of 
tuberculosis.” 

Within the past few months the most prominent newspapers of the 
State have demanded that Illinois follow the lead of New York and Mas¬ 
sachusetts in establishing a great State institution for the treatment of 
this disease. 

The beneficent inlluences of sanatorium treatment are manifold. The 
mortality is lowered,—some sanatoria claim TO per cent, of cures when the 
patients are admitted to treatment in the incipient stages, and their 
claims are probably well-founded, for tuberculosis in its earlier stages is 
known to be one of the most curable of all chronic diseases. Others re¬ 
port 25 to 75 per cent, of cures. It would appear that proper treatment in 
a sanatorium from an earlier stage of the disease would restore to health 
from one half to three-fourths of consumptive patients. The public is 
protected, for these patients are no longer a source of infection in the 
home, in the shop, on the street and in public places. The patients are 
educated in proper methods of hygienic living and in their duties to their 
families and the public. On their return from the sanatorium these pa¬ 
tients furnish convincing proof of the curabilty of consumption, and are 
in a position to enlighten the public as to the best means available to pre¬ 
vent the spread of the disease. 

Against the establishment of a State Sanatorium in Illinois but two 
objections can be advanced; first, the expense of construction and main¬ 
tenance; and second, the absence of a climate espeeialiy favorable for the 
treatment of consumption. 

The annual expense of tuberculosis to the people of the United States, 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS. 


21 


after careful estimation by Dr. Biggs of New York, is placed at $330,000- 
000. He first calculates the loss to New York city by putting a value of 
$1,500 upon each life at the average age at which deaths from tuberculosis 
occur. This gives the total value of the lives lost annually of $15,000,000. 
But this is not all, for at least nine months prior to death these patients 
cannot work, and the loss of service at $1 a day, together with food, nurs¬ 
ing, medicines, attendance, etc. at $1.50 a day results in a farther loss of 
$8,000,000, making a yearly loss to the municipality of $23,000,000; for the 
whole country the 150,000 deaths from tuberculosis represent in the same 
way a loss of $330,000,000. Dr Biggs also says that the local expenditure 
in the city of New York in the care of tuberculous patients is not over 
$500,009 a year,i. e. not to exceed two per cent, of the actual loss by death, 
etc. “Jf this annual expenditure were doubled or trebled, it would metn 
a saving of several thousand lives annually, to say nothing of the enor¬ 
mous saving in suffering.” 

It is true that the climate of Illinois, offers no particular advantage to 
the consumptive; it is also true, that the question of a special climate 
for the consumptive is not now considered of such importance as in former 
years. Dr. Knopf, who is a recognized authority on Ihe sanatorium treat¬ 
ment of consumptives, expresses a disbelief that there exists any climate 
which has a specific curative quality for any form of pulmonary tubercu¬ 
losis, and states that this disease can be successfully treated in properly 
conducted sanatoria in almost any climate. In common with other physi¬ 
cians and sanitarians who have made the treatment of consumption a 
special study, Dr. Knopf is of the opinion that it is essential that the 
majority of consumptives be treated and cured in the same or nearly the 
same climate where they will have to live and work after their restoration 
to health. No special climatic advantage is clai ned for many sanatoria in 
Europe and also in the states of New York, Massachusetts and Pennsylva¬ 
nia, yet in all of these consumption is treated successfully. The high alti¬ 
tude heretofore deemed so essential in the treatment of consumption is 
not found at the site of a majority of the sanatoria in the states mentioned 
In several instances the elevation is less than 500 feet above the sea level. 
The Massachusetts hospital for consumptives is located at Rutland, 1,048 
feet above the sea level. A. practically equivalent altitudo, a greater in 
some instances, may be found in several localities in different sections of 
the State of Illinois where there can also be obtained thesunshine and pure 
air which are important factors in the cure of consumption. There are 
many localities in the Sta te of Illinois which are suitable in every manne r 
for the location of a sanatorium,and in these consumption can be treated 
successfully. 

A bill for an act to provide for the location, erection, organization and 
management of a State Sanatorium for persons afflicted by tuberculosis 
and m iking an appropriation of $200,000 for the purchase of land and con- 
structionof the necessary buildings and the maintenance of the sanatorium, 
was introduced in the Hous^ of Representatives on January 27th last, by 
Representative Hardin, of Monmouth. This bill has the approval of the 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


22 


Governor cf the State who, is bis biennial message to the 43d (jeneral As¬ 
sembly, set forth the necessity of State care of consumptives and urgently 
recommended the establishment of a suitable institution. It also has the ap¬ 
proval of every physician and every sanatoria in the State. If the bill 
becomes a la v, it will be thi me ms of the s iviag of several h inirsd lives 
annually and the alleviation of much suffering and distress. 

FACTORY INSPECTION. 

By Edgar T. Bav's., Factory Inspector. 

The State Factory Inspectors’ Department is composed of a Chief* 
Assistant Chief and ten Deputy Inspectors, five of whom are women. 
Their duties are to inspect oil stores, offices, laundries, mercantile insti- 
tuiions, manufacturing establishments and sweat shops and to regulate 
the noanufactui e of garments and the employment of childr en. 

The first factory law of this State was an act passed by the Thirty- 
eighth Gen ral Assembly to regulate the sweat shops existing in this 
StaB'. The inspectors are require! to visit all places where garments of 
any kind are made and to require these establishments to be kept in a 
healthy and sanitary condition, free from vermin and contagious dis^m-es,, 
and to ir*sue such orders as the public health may demand, prohibit the 
employment of children under fourteen years of age, and to regulate the 
conditions under which children between fourteen ar d sixteen are em¬ 
ployed. Also to require the const ruction of blowers and exhaust f;iin on 
t mery and polishing wheel**, and enforce the child labor laws, restii:ting 
the employ ment of children at o-cupations and under conditions where 
their lives or limbs are in danger, their I ealtb injured, or their morals- 
d praved. 

That we have in our State ard eonntrv Such an armv of child-* orkers 
would suggest, to many the existence of some deep underlying caus° repre¬ 
senting such industri-d and indivilinl necessities, that it would tie peri ous- 
to res’rict it m any marked degree by legislation. Ant it must bj ac¬ 
knowledged t*>at both our industrial org miz.itions and our economic insti¬ 
tutions forbid easy ge^eraliaitions o-r hast* remedial legislation—whatever 
ma\ be the evils resulting from children’s work. There are several con¬ 
siderations, however, which seem to show that child-labor in its present, 
form is neither economically necessary nor suited to American social con¬ 
ditions and po i real institutions. 

I b lievo very few p*ople- appreciate the gre-at evils attending the em¬ 
ployment of children in the sweat shop, wh-re the heat and foul air effect 
thpir lungs, working for long hours in cramped po-itions, their young backs, 
l ent almost in- two over the needle or machine.. When thev grov up to 
womanhood or manhood their sickly pale faces and sunken eyes tell a tale 
of tire undermined system and the hardships of their younger years. Their 
lives are shortened and their vitality exhausted. 

It is not customary for American horn workmen- to puttheirchiMren in 
the fact iries at an early a ge. They are bilie vers in our e lunation al sys¬ 
tem and realize the inconsistency of educational ideals with factory labor 
kir iuo.inature chiliren.. Only in. cases of great want do they allow their 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS. 


23 


children to work un'il they have at least completed their common school 
education, and then it is usually to seek employment for them in a store, to 
teach them a trade or to find work for them at an oecupatim where some¬ 
thing is to be learned and advancement is possible. With the immigrant, 
among whim the vast bulk of our child-labor is t) bo found, the case is 
entirely different. In their European lives, child-labor was both a custom 
an 1 a necessity, which they are slow to change even when meeting with 
improved conditions in this country. Among certain races, it is almost 
an invariable rule, whatever the conditions of the parents, to withdraw 
the children from school at the earliest possible age an 1 set them to work. 
That this is a fact,may be shown both by co uparing ttie attendance of the 
schools in the American and foreign districts and by the nationality of the 
children who are at work, which is well-known ro the Factory Inspectors, 

Manufacturers nave come to appreciate that the inspector who enters 
his establishment, comes not to persecute any one, but to enforce a law 
which the civilized countries of the world have declared but just and 
humane and for the benefit of the upgrowirg generations; that the child’s 
place is not in the factory but in school un i! a certain age, that he or she 
mr y appreciate the responsibility of the vocation that t!:ey may choose 
for the rest of their natural lives. Inspectors are courteously treated 
when making inspections, many times receiving thanks for interpreta¬ 
tions of the law\ Tne spirit of feeling between tie employer and inspec¬ 
tor is certainlf very commendable and conclusive evidence that the work 
of th9 department is being more throughly appreciated. Our manner of 
making inspections is for the inspector, when entering an establishment, 
to inquireof s nneone near b} for the proprietor, superintendent, manager 
or foreman in a courteous manner, to present his or her card or creden¬ 
tials, and ask permission to go through the establishment for the purpose 
of inspection and if tbe request is granted (and there have been but few re¬ 
fusals), the inspector inquires if there are any children enployed, and for 
the affidavits and office register which are required bv law to be kept on 
file, Then the inspector will compare the affidavit and register with the 
number of children in tbe establishment by actual count, interviews and 
•questions each child separately, observes the condition * under waieh they 
work and orders prohibited tne employment of any child at any oeeupi- 
tion wuich is hazardous to its life or limb. 

The year ju3t completed has been the most prosperous year since the 
•organization of the department. Many of the large establishments have 
•enlarged their plants and new enterprises have been started in almost 
•every section of the state, as you will see by referring to the several annual 
reports issued by the department; the work is increasing annually and it 
as impossible far the present force of deputies to properly perform the work, 
Illinois is the fourth state in Factory Inspection in the Uni n and we 
have sixteen less inspectors than any of the other leading states. New 
York has forty-nine, Massachusetts, thirty, Pennsylvania, twenty-six and 
Illinois, ten. 

Year by year the number of inspections has steadily increased .from 


24 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


2,362 establishments inspected in 1893 until last year, 1902, 21,694 places 
were inspected, of which 2,139 were revisits, leaving a total of 19,5.55 places 
visited, being an increase over the previous year of 2,339, which is 19,332 
more estsblishments inspected in 1902 than was inspected the year the 
department was created (1893). Last year the inspectors found a total of 
511,902 people employed, which is evidence of the continual prosperity which 
has prevailed during the last six years. Of these 511,902 people, 393.650 
were men, 99,027 were women, and possibly you will be surprised when I 
say 19,225 were children under the age of sixteen, in which connection it 
is gratifying to report that through tho prosperous conditions of our 
people and as a result of a careful inspection of the entire State, together 
with a through enforcement of the law,we found 614 less children employed 
last year than in the year previous. This is the first decrease in six years 
and the second in the history of the department. 

Although we have made rapid advancement in the number of inspec¬ 
tions, much attention has been paid to bring about some material reform. 
In previous years employers were prosecuted for employing a child under 
fourteen years of age, without any action being taken to further look after 
the interests of the child, who either found another place of employment 
or ran the streets. To-day immediate action against the employer is 
taken, the child is turned over to the truant officers of the Compulsory 
Education Department of the Board of Education, through which agency 
it is placed back in school. 

The law requires that any child between the ages of fourteen and 
sixteen years shall not be permitted or suffered to be employed in any 
store, office, laundry, manufacturing establishment, mercantile institution 
or workshop in this State, unless there is first placed on file in said estab¬ 
lishment an affidavit as to the child's age, which affidavit is sworn to by 
the parent. To the end that employers may become more thoroughly 
fatnilar with the statutory requirements regarding the employment of 
children, the Department has had 20.000 copies of the law (in pamphlet 
form) printed and a copy has been left at every place inspected. 

The lax system through which the required affidavits are issued, to¬ 
gether with an utter disregard for the truth shown by many parents, has 
resulted in the wholesale existence of affidavits, which on their face show 
a child to be fourteen years of age, but which in reality are held by little 
tots much under fourteen (some being as young as nine years). Hereto¬ 
fore nothing had been done to surmount these false affidavits. Today 
whenever an inspector finds a child who is apparently and palpably under 
fourteen years, the facts regarding tho child's birth, place of baptism, etc. 
are obtained and if after investigation the child is proven to be under four¬ 
teen (which a great percentage have proven to be), the child is placed 
back in school, the pareut censured and the employer is warned to be 
more careful in the future. The inspector secures the county and church 
records, and interviews the parent who certified to the affidavit; also the 
notary, and if the notary is found to have been lax or careless, he is firmly 
taken to task. 

By action recently taken, telegraph messengers and small boys have 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION Ob’ STATE OFFICIALS. 


been forbidden to deliver messages or packages in disorderly establish¬ 
ments, or to work or be employed in the neighborhood of the “levee” 
character. The Telegraph and Messsenger Companies of this State, upon 
the suggestion of the Factory Inspector, have recently issued orders to this 
effect and further, that tbe hoys under sixteen years of age shall only 
work ten hours a day, where previous tu the first of last September they 
worked twelve and thirteen hours. 

One of the great evils of child-labor is the employment of the child for 
long hours. The present law allows an employer to work achild under the 
age of sixteen, ten hours a day, which is certainly loag enough for any 
child to labor. During the past year the Department carried on a crusade 
against violators of the ten hour clause, wnich resulted in prosecution of 
many employers, who allowed the little boys and girls in their employ to 
work from twelve to fifteen hours a day. Some of them were working from 
seven o’ clock in the morning until ten and eleven o’ clock at night and as 
the result of this vigorous prosecution,I am pleased to state that to day the 
ten-hour cl ruse is almost universally observed. 

That the Department has been successfully conducted and is accom¬ 
plishing the desired results is manifested by a comparison of conditions to¬ 
day with those existing in 1813, (the year in which the depart uent was es¬ 
tablished), in which ye ir 8.2 percent of the total employes in this state 
were children under the age of sixteen. Last year the percentage was re¬ 
duced to 3.7 per cent. 

One-hundred thirty-six towns and cities outside of Cook County 
have been inspected. 

Every place where a violation has occurred has been revisited and the 
Department has successfully endeavored to work in harmony with the 
Boards of Education, Buards of Heilth and many charitable organization j. 

The following table will sho v the result of ins auctions for tin year 1932: 


Total number of establishments inspected ...19,558 

Number of places inspected for child labor. . .19,535 

Number of inspections for metal polishing wheels.23 

Number of places inspected outside of Cook County. . .3,943 

Number of cities and towns visited outside of Cook County .136 

Number of places inspected in Cook County.15,592 

Number of second inspections... 21,36 

Total number of inspections ..... .. ..21,694 

Employes in Chicago and Cook County. 

Number of males over 16 years of age. .277,913 

Number of females over 16 years of age.. 82 359 

Number of males under 16 years of age....8,886 

Number of females under 16 years of age.6,465 

Total number of employes in Chicago and Cook County-375,623 

Eraploj'es outside of Cook County. 

Number of males over 16 years of age.115,737 

Number of females over 16 years of age .16,668 

Number of males under 16 years of age.. 2,972 

Number of females under 16 years of age..902 

Total number of employes outside of Cook County.. .136,279 



















26 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


Number of employes. 

Number of males over 16 years of age.393,650 

Number of females over 16 years of age. .99,027 

Number of males under 16 years of age .11,858 

Number of females under 16 years of age.7,367 

Total number of employes.511,902 


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Condensed Statistical Table of the “Different Industries. 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS. 


27 


Number of employes to child. 

Number of children to 1,000 employes. 
Per cent, of children to total employes. 

Total number of employes. 

Total number of children. 


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28 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


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ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OP STATE OFFICIALS. 


29 


INSPECTION OP FOOD, 

By A. H. Jones, Food Inspector. 

Governor Yates, Mr. Chairman, Superintendents, Secretaries and other 
officers of the various Boards of the State Government: 

Gentlemen: 

I want to assure you that when I was notified by Secretary Snively 
that I had been assigned to deliver an address before this Association on 
this the 8th day of April, and that these meetings are entirely of an edu¬ 
cational nature and conducted with a view that those in control of one 
department may become familiar with all other departments of the State 
Government, it was with pleasure that I accepted the invitation and pre¬ 
pared an address upon the subject assigned. 

The growth, development and manufacture of the various food pro¬ 
ducts have kept abreast with the work of advancement in all other lines of 
business; and while we can look over the United States to-day and see “a 
billiou dollar steel trust,” sjveral ‘ bill loq dollar railroad combinations 
or mergers,” and nearly all other kinds of business organized in the same 
way—as this is the day of organization of labor and the combination of 
capital—we see that those interested in tho various kinds of foods and 
foods products have kept up with, if not a little in advance of the pro¬ 
cession. We have to-day, among the many others too numerous to men¬ 
tion, the combination known as the ‘ Beef Trust,” the “Ice Trust,” the 
“Baking Powder Trust,” the “Biscuit Trust,” the Millers’ Trust,” the 
“Farmers’ Trust,” the “Manufacturers’ Trust,’’the “Jobbers’ Trust,” but 
no “Consumers’ Trust,”—no organization or combination of the consum¬ 
ers. Those people who live in our hotels, our boarding houses, our city 
and farm homes, as well as the great pleasure resorts, have noorganization. 

The consumers—men, women and children—of oui fair land have 
never effected an organization, offensive and defensive, but have quietly 
and practically submitted to whatever the vendors in these food products 
might put upon the market, until our legislature, in its wisdom, came to 
their rescue and established the Illinois State Food Commission in 1899. 

The penalties, under theflaw, did not go into effect until July 1st. 
1900, as one year was given the dealers in these food products to dispose 
of same, so that on the first day of July, 1900, they might start in with a 
healthy food product. 

From July 1st, 1899, to July 1st, 1900, was what is called in food par¬ 
lance the year of education. 

On the first day of January, 1900, the Department known as the State 
Food Department was fully organized, with the main office and labora¬ 
tory in the Manhattan building in Chicago. 

While the work of furnishing the office and equipping the laboratory 
was being completed, the task of compiling the laws and making suitable 
rulings thereon, also giving a synopsis of all the laws with the rulings 
adopted by the commissioner, was performed. About fifteen thousand 
copies of the food laws and rulings thereon were compiled, printed and 
disti ibuted to manufacturers and dealers in the various food products 


30 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


throughout the State; and over thirty thousand circulars regarding food 
were mailed not only to dealers in our State, but to dealers in adjoining 
states. 

As provided in the law, after the completion of the laboratory the first, 
work of the department was to take samples of the various food stufts 
which were so mixed and compounded that they concealed their identity. 

Six Inspectors were appointed, as provided by the law, for the purpose 
of securing samples of such articles or products for analysis. 

The work than actively began very soon created a stir throughout the 
State and extended to adjoining states, not only among those engaged in 
the manufacture and sale of food products, but among those who were con¬ 
sumers and who were interested in the enactment and enforcement of laws 
governing the subject. This in a very short time greatly increased the 
work of the office. The correspondence received from all over the State, 
as well as from almost every other state in the union, together with the 
increased office work in the way of preparing and recording the analysis of 
the foods analyzed,and of thoseanalyzedand found to be adulterated and in 
violation of the law, and preparing the evidence and assisting in the prose¬ 
cution of cases brought for violations under the law, took up a great deal 
of the time. 

The department was greatly assisted by the newspapers and maga¬ 
zines, and the press generally throughout the State. The value to the De¬ 
partment for the information that has been disseminated by the daily 
press through the medium of reporters cannot be accurately estimated or 
thoroughly appreciated by the public. By this help of the press of the 
State the people knew when the Department was organized and ready for 
work, as well as to give through their columns the work of the Depart¬ 
ment as it progressed. The he’p received from this source is incalculable 
and has done much to assist in purifying the food rnarketsof our State and 
drive out adulterated food products; and the Commissioner takes this 
oppDrtunity to especially thank the press for its assistance and apprecia¬ 
tion of the work done by the Department. 

There now about twelve thousand (12,000) retail grocery stores in the 
State, not counting the restaurants and%booths and other places 
where adulterated goods may be sold,and where the dealer may be interest 
ed in knowing the quality of the goods sold. 

The importance of this work cannot be overestimated when we take 
into consideration the fact that over eight hundred million dollars 
($300.000,000) are annually paid out for foods in the United States that are 
not labeled so that the consumer might know that his food is adulterated 
and not in conformity with our food law,and that this vast amount of adul¬ 
terated goods might be replaced with that much of the pure, genuine food. 
Illinois’ proportion of ihis appalling sum is estimated at one-twelfth, and 
the legitimate products of industry are to that extent forced out of our 
markets. 

But this is not the most important question involved. The danger to 
life and health from the consumption of such a vast amount of adulterated 
foods, a large proportion of which is known to be unwholesome and injur- 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OP STATE OFFICIALS, 


SI 

ious to the health, ia the vital question and the one in which we are mainly 
interested, and calls for immediate action. 

0 ,r er three years’ experience ha3 thoroughly convinced me that tbemos 
effective manner of combating the evil of adulteration in foods and drinks 
is bv having the laws made thoroughly comprehensive,covering the manu¬ 
facture of articles of food and drink and the placing of them upon the 
market. These laws should compel the manufacturer, packer or jobber to 
label, stamp, or brand the true name or character of every article of food, 
the quality and quantity of every package,and the just and true representa¬ 
tion of the merits and qualities of every article oa the same, placing ade- 
quate penalties for every violation and holding every individual, firm or 
corporation responsible for the character and quality of every article of 
food manufactured and sold, or offered for sale. 

Until comparatively recently governments have been content to meas¬ 
ure food by the quart, the pound or the piece. The time has now come 
when foods need to be measured by their composition as to strength, puri¬ 
ty and effect on the health. 

The time has come when a quart of vinegar, a gallon of milk, an ounce 
of chocolate, a pound of butter, a piece of cheese, a barrel of flour, or any 
other article of food must mean some definite amount of percentage of the 
constituents that give these substances their values. 

This necessity is due to the fact that in the competition intrade which 
exists in all food products, unscrupulous manufacturers and dealers are 
placing inferior goods upon the markets without notice of their adultera¬ 
tion, to the great injury of the public both as respects value rnd health. 

The pure food laws of our State do not accuratelyjdefine nor fix what 
shall constitute the standards in foods, and consequently offenders set 
up the defense that inasmuch as no standards are fixed by statute therefore 
they cannot be held to any definite composition in their preparation of any 
article of fool, and may sell as pure any food that is not injurious to 
the public health, no matter how low in percentage its food constituents 
may be. 

This lack of standards places the burden of proof in prosecutions for 
violations of the law upon the officer who is appointed to enforce the law, 
and each case has to be proven up by expert testimony as if no other 
nad ever before been tried. The uncertainty of conviction due to these 
conditions weakens the law and encourage.s its violators to continue 
their transgressions. 

If standards for each article were fixed, the discovering fraud in foods 
and conviction of the offender would simply mean a question of ana.ysis 
and comparison of the samples with the standards fixed by law. 

Manufacturers, dealers and food inspectors would be equally and fully 
informed as to the precise requirements in t'-'e coraposiiion of all articles 
■of food, and much unnecessary and costly litigation be thereby avoided. 

In the bills now before out - General Assembly to revise and codify our 
State Food Laws will be found a complete list of standards for the various 
articles of food. 

It is difficult to obtain reliable statistics as to the percentage of food 


32 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


sold in violation of law, or the effect of enforcement of law on the morals 
and health of the people of our State. But we do know positively that 
fraud after fraud has been exposed and driven from the markets through 
the enforcement of our State Food Laws. Unfortunately fresh deceptions 
are devised to take their places, requiring the utmost diligence on the part 
of the department to protect the people. 

The question has been propounded: How long will it be necessary to 
maintain a department for the enforcement of State Pood Laws? The 
logical answer is, Just so long as human depravity, selfishness and love of 
gain exists. 

The organized State Governments, with the means at their disposal, are 
trying to prevent the sale of commercial deceits, while the manufacturers 
and inventors of these deceits are laboring just as energetically to pre¬ 
sent adulteration newer and more difficult of detection to take the place of 
the old. The official chemists of the different states are daily employed 
to differentiate the true and the false, and chemical research is busy in 
identifying what is pure from what is not. As fast as a method of detec¬ 
tion is established and a new adulteration i3 discovered, this same chemi¬ 
cal research is employed by the dishonest manufacturer to produce some 
new deception. And so it is seen that we may only hope for pure food in 
the fullest sense when the manufacturers’ and dealers’ innate ambition to 
outstrip his neighbor’s bank account shall be merged in the millenium. 

No one can dispute, and those who will study the history of legislation 
in regard to the protection of society from the injury' resulting from the 
manufacture, sale and use of adulterated foods, will find that Illinois is 
sadly in the rear of her sister states in this regard; and one object of com¬ 
piling and publishing all the laws enacted upon the subject of food was to 
demonstrate the necessity for a complete revision of the law and its reduc¬ 
tion into a consistent body, each part of which shall be consistent with 
every other part, as from the first day of July, 1900, when the penalties 
under the State Pood Laws went into force the State Pood Department has 
had to meet the contention that the law of 1899 repealed all former laws 
and that no penalties can be imposed on those who violate the laws that 
had been passed prior to April 21th, 1899. If thi3 contention is true that 
the act of April 21th, 1899, is an entire and complete revision of the laws 
on the subject of pure food, then Illinois’ dairy interests are positively 
bereft of all safe guards and protection to be bad through State Legislation, 
except the act of April 24th, 1901, to prevent fraud in the branding and 
sale of process and renovated better, as all the other laws upon the Statute 
Books of this State, which aim to upbuild and foster the production of the 
dairy interests for which so large an area of the State is fitted, are, accord¬ 
ing to this theory,repealed. And with the object in view of remedying 
these defects and giving Illinois the best food laws of any State in the 
Union, I have prepared an entire revision of the State Pood Laws,and the 
same has been introduced both in the Senate and in the House at the pres¬ 
ent session of our General Assembly. 

In this day and generation favorable legislation is secured only 
through the concerted action of influence and necessity. The Dairy and 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OP STATE OFFICIALS, 


33 


Pood interests of Illinois surely understand the necessity, though they 
have failed to appreciate and exert the influence so easily within their 
power. 

Illinois legislators are in person the equal of any State law-making 
body in the Union; are as ready to know and preserve the State’s best in¬ 
terests, but taken from the many different walks of life they cannot be 
expected to have the required knowledge as to what ^ach industry or in¬ 
terest needs. Hence has grown up the practice of calling a legislature’s 
att; ition to the existing needs along different lines—a work which is most 
naturally undertaken by those interested in securing the laws those needs 
demand. 

The retail dealer, being the link to which we have attached our 
investigation, it is upon him that we first place the responsibility until 
the entire chain is gone through. The question is frequently askeu: Why 
not begin at the other end of the chain and hold the manufacturer re¬ 
sponsible, so that no such goods will be sent out from his establishment, 
and then none can be sold? In the first place, the great majority of pro¬ 
ducts of this kind sold in the stores of our country are of such character 
and are sold under such conditions that they may be adulterated by any 
dealer through whose hands they may pass after leaving the manufac¬ 
turer. If the question of knowledge is to become a factor in fixing the re 
sponsibility for this adulteration, where along the line can we fix responsi¬ 
bility or attach a penalty for the offense, and this, too, whether the goods 
have passed beyond the limits of State or cot - ? This situation is, perhaps, 
illustrated as thoroughly in the single article of milk as in anything else. 
The producer of milk may be within the limits of Cook county, and the 
collector whose business it is to take such milk and deliver it to the milk 
depots within the city of Caicago, the milk depots which distribute it to 
the people throughout the city—all may be within the limits of the 
jurisdiction of a single justice of the peace. Release the retail dealer from 
responsibility for the condition in v hlch such milk passes from his hands 
tto the consumer, and you can establish no system of inspection or in¬ 
quiry that will develop responsibility for the oaiition of the article and 
place it upon any party through whose hands it has passed before him. 

When llhnois’Dairy and Fo) 1 interests shall a-vaken and properly 
present to the consideration of the legislature the requirements so neces¬ 
sary for our advancement as a Pure Food and Dairy State, then and not 
-until then can they expect their claims to secure satisfactory attention. 

In order to protect the publie against the evils arising from the man¬ 
ufacture and sale of adulterated articles of food, it is necessary to deter¬ 
mine the exact condition of food products as they are delivered to con- 
■sumers. This necessitates the inspection of fool products in the hands of 
the retailers, or to secure samples as nearly as possible in the exact condi¬ 
tion that they are to be received by the iniivii rals constituting the great 
body of consumers throughout our Stite. Samples must be, for this rea¬ 
son, taken from the retailers; and the samples having been taken, analyzed 
.and found, to be adulterated, the party fro n whom they have been directly 
^purchased must be held responsible for there condition. Back of the 


34 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


rAtail dealer, every party through whose hands such goods have passed 
must be held responsible until we reach the party who has produced 
them. Thus a chain is formed, the extreme links of which are the retail 
dealer upon the one hand and the manufacturer or producer upon the 
other. 

Goods put up in sealed packages may be a little less liable to such 
adulteration, yet they can in no manner be made free from it. Even the 
character of goods that are put up in sealed packages and are of such 
manufacture as would render their being mixed or adulterated after nass- 
ing from the hands of the manufacturer highly improbable, or almost 
impossible, are easily placed in such situation that it is altogether imprac 
ticableor impossible to trace them to their source of production. All that 
is necessary is to tear off or cover up the label of the manufacturer and 
place upon the package a label giving a fictitious source of the production 
of the goods and our remedy in that direction is gone. 

The work of inspection and prosecutions growing out of such work on 
account of the adulteration or falsely labeling such goods show that in 
many cases some inconveuieuce, no little expense, and in some cases even 
hardship, may be placed upon the dealer bv reason of the wrong doing of 
the party from whom he has purchased his supplies, and not any wrong 
upon the person to whom he sells, and if he is to look for redress or receive 
immunity from any source it should be from the source from which the 
difficulty comes, and not place it upon the innocent consumer who is in no 
wise responsible for the condition under which the dealer is placed. 

There is no way of getting at this fraudulent manufacturer or dealer 
except by requiring him to so label every article of food pat upon the market 
by him that you can tell not only what it is but also requiring him to print 
on the label his name and address. Our inspectors found baking powders 
that were wholly unfit for food, but there was no way to stop their manu¬ 
facture prior to the passage of the law creating the State Food Depart¬ 
ment, as the name and address of the manufacturer were not on the label. 
Our inspectors found imitation jellies sold for fruit jellies, but until this 
new law went into effect, July 1st, 1900, there was no way of prosecuting 
the manufacturers of the same, as their name and address were not on the 
label. Prior to this law they found colored distilled vinegar sold as pure 
eider vinegar, but there was no way of prosecuting and con/ictiag the 
manufacturers of the same, as their names and a ddresses were not stamp¬ 
ed on the barrels, casks or vessels: and the same might be said of nearly 
every article of food found on the market. 

When our inspectors first began their work of ins;>ection a protest 
went up from the manufacturers that it would injure their business if the 
department required them to manufacture, label and sell their products 
in conformity with the laws of Illinois, as in other States that had Food 
Commissions and Food Laws the requirements as to rulings and standards 
were frequently different from ours; and to relieve them from this seem 
ing hardship the ruling was modified as to goods strictly manufactured or 
packed for Inter-State Commerce, so as to require them to manufacture 
the goods in oomformity with the laws in the State in which they were 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS. 


35 


to be sold. And right here, I might say, is one of the greatest hardships on 
the manufacturers and packers of our various food pioducts to-day, in that 
they have got to keep a set of labels, stamps and brands, as well as of stand¬ 
ards, for each State; whereas, if we had a National Law regulating this 
question as to food products manufactured for Inter-State Commerce be¬ 
tween the States and in the District of Columbia and the Territories, then 
each State might adopt the law and thus avoid all this trouble and 
expense; and when we take into consideration that some of these great 
manufa iturers will pay out in a single year over $50,000 for labels alone 
it becomes quite an item k) be considered, as well as the expense as to the 
worry and trouble of labeling them according to the requirements of 
each State. JBut we have every assurance that a law will be enacted by 
Congress in the near future regulating this whole question. 

The work of inspection has shown that something more must be done, 
not only that but that it can never stop, for science is continuously mak¬ 
ing new discoveries along the line of the sophistication of food product. 

The Pure Food Law is helping the honest and legitimate dealer more 
than he has any idea of, for it is doing away with unfair competition. 

The better class of food dealers have had a hard time because they 
would not deal in the miserable stuff Miat these cheap goods dealers dealt 
in. They would not se,11 to their patrons gaods that they knew to be 
below the standard, as well as to be impure and injurious to the health of 
the consumer. 

The motive that leads to adulteration is to cheapen the commodities 
so that thedealer can undersell his neighbor who deals in honest goods. 
The fraud bears most heavily on the poorer class of people, whose financial 
necessities compel them to buy cheap food, and who have no means of 
knowing what the article purchased is except by the label, stamp or brand, 

CONVICT LABOR. 

By David Ross, Sectary Labor Bureau. 

It is probably unneoessa-ry to state that whatever opinions may be 
advanced on this subject they will not be construed as reflecting in any way 
upon the distinguished gentlemen who are now connec f ed withthemanage- 
ment of our penal institutions. Under their intelligent care and supervision 
the prisons have improved. Let it be understood that our purpose is not 
to criticize the ma-nner of administration, but to condemn the system. 

In the manner of prison management, Illinois has had an experience 
covering a period of nearly three-quarters of a century. During that time 
every system except the correct one has been tried. 

As early as 1843 the citizens of Alton, in whose city the first peniten¬ 
tiary was established,addressed a petition of protest to the General Assem¬ 
bly, in which they not only complained of the effects of the competition of 
convicts upon free labor, bur. denounced, in the most emphatic terms, th e 
moral and economic results for which the infamous lease system, then in 
force, was held justly responsible. 

From 1831 to 1867, the State delegated to individuals, interested only 


36 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


in what they could make out of the labor of convicts, the absolute right to 
manage and control the penitentiaries. Illinois was the last Northern 
State to abandon the lease system A and it is doubtful if it would have been 
surrendered when it was, had it not been that the assignee became bank¬ 
rupt. On the 12th day of June, 1867, the Illinois Manufacturing Com¬ 
pany, to which the last Pitman lease had been assigned, notified Governor 
Oglesby that on the 30tb day of that month they would abandon the lease 
and with it all responsibility for the penitentiary and its inmates. An ex¬ 
tra session of the General Assembly was immediately called to which Gov¬ 
ernor Oglesby, in his message, submitted for consideration three 
propositions: 

First—To lease the labor of the convicts again, giving the lessors pos¬ 
session of the penitentiary. 

Second—To provide by contract for hiring out the labor of convicts, 
the State retaining the care, custody and control of prisons and 
property. 

Third—To employ the convicts for account of the State, under State 
management and control. 

In condemnation of the lease system the Governor used langua ge fol¬ 
lowing: 

“The opinion is very generally entertained that it is the best policy, 
as well as the duty of the State, to retain the management and control of 
its convict labor; that it is unchristian and in conflict with public 
morals to conie nu men to terms of punishment and afterwards to lease 
or hire out convicts to private parties for private gain. The power 
which imposed the penalty should alone inflict the punishment.” He 
further remarked “that the services of all intermediates should be dis¬ 
pensed with, whose object can never be either the punishment or 
reformation of the criminal, but merely the realizution of profit from his- 
labor.” 

This recommendation, supplemented by the action of the General As¬ 
sembly, answered the protests of the conscience of that generation, and! 
removedfrom the fair name of Illinois the stain of the most vicious system 
that inhuman cupidity could devise. 

The act. of 1867 provided for the State account and contract systems.. 
The former, after an experience of two years under the most disadvanta¬ 
geous circumstances, was abolished, for reasons that limited time will a>t 
permit to be considered here. 

The act as amended in. the year 1871, clearly committed the State to- 
the policy of contracting the labor of convicts, and up. to the present mo¬ 
ment, excepting the disistrousexperience under the adminstration of 
Governor John P. Altgeld, there has been no departure from the principle 
of the plan. 

Tne purpose of the State thus expressed to permanently adopt the- 
system of contracting the labor of our- prisoners invited* the opposition 
which it encountered. 

The class rtf mechanics, whose wage-schedules were directly affected by- 
the competition, of convicts^ were the first, to complain, and petitioned focr 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS. 


37 


a change in the manner of managing the penal institutions of the State. 
The agitation continued and augmented through the co-operation of hu¬ 
mane and philanthropic agencies until the year 1886, when the legislative 
power, unable longer to evade its legitimate responsibility, and in con¬ 
sequence of a multiplicity of measures preventing an agreement on any re¬ 
form plan, finally compromised by submitting a joint resolution in the na¬ 
ture of a constitutional amendment prohibiting the practice of contracting 
the labor of convicts. At the general election that year the proposition was 
endorsed by a substantial majority of the voters, and became a part of the 
organic law of the St'ite. Seventeen long years have elapsed since this 
mandate of the people was issued, and their clearly expressed determina¬ 
tion in the premises has been consistently, continuously, and, we almost 
might add, contemptously disregarded. Such, in brief, is the history of 
the various methods by which individuals, private corporations and the 
State have, from time to time adopted, in the matter of governing the 
penal institutions and furnishing employment for our prison population. 

Several distinct^ interests are arrayed against the present plan of pris¬ 
on industry. Manufacturers engaged in similar industries, who have rea¬ 
son to feel the disadvantage under which they operate; wage-workers 
whose interests are constantly attacked by the cheap and unfair com¬ 
petition of criminals, and the social scientists and penological experts, who 
recognize that prevailing methods tend to retard rather than promote the 
reformation of this class of unfortunates. The reason, assigned by Gov* 
ernor Oglesby, for abandoning the lease system, applies in one respect 
with equal force against the contract system, involving, as it necessarily 
must, intermediates. 

The vital objection of prison reformers is that there is present in the 
penitentiaries a foreign pow *r equal, if not superior to that of the State. 
Having contracted the time of the prisoner, his authority to that extent 
is absolute and complete. Even the warden must yield to the autocracy 
of the contract. During the ten hours of the working day, his timeiscon- 
trolled and utilized by the task-master—the State generously consents to 
b come his custodian at nightfall. 

Where this 3.vstem is fully developed, the State, or its respresentative, 
becomes simply a medium through which private interests are promoted, 
or, as it his been fitly characterized, “A turnkey in the service of a prison 
manufactory.” There is nothing in common betveen the interest repre¬ 
sented by the State and that of the contractor. The former is concerned, 
or ought to be in the matter of the convict’s punishment and reformation, 
the latter in obtaining the greatest amount of revenue from his services. 

Reformation would operate to diminish the contractor’s profits. The 
prospective term’nation of a trained convict’s term is cause for anxiety, 
and when finally released the contractor’s hope is for a speedy return* 
There can be m question but that the power controlling, under this sys¬ 
tem, the labor of the penitentiarj , avrays itself against the reformation of 
the prisoner, and directly antagonizes the highest interests of society. 
Every moral consideration demands that the State should, at the earliest 
moment, Germinate its connection with any plan of prison management, 


33 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


the principal purpose of which is to make money out of the labor ofitscon- 
victed criminal classes. This is a perversion of the primary purpose for 
which they are being; punished, and the practice should cease. 

The cry of the misinformed taxpayer, echoing the plea of the lessee and 
the contractor, that prisons should be self-supporting, has, until quite re¬ 
cently, been successfully employed in retarding the great work of prison 
reform. If the system stands condemned because of the opportunities it 
denies to the convicts, what of the free interests that are injuriously af¬ 
fected on account of the manner of their employment, and the disposition 
of their products? Can any modern State approve of a policy that pun¬ 
ishes any portion of our industrial society simply that a few dollars might 
be realized from the labor of those who have broken its laws? Upon this, 
the most important phase of the question, is there room for a doubt? 

The plea is advanced by the apologists for existing systems that 
the percentage of prison products compared with that for the entire coun¬ 
try is so small as not to be injurious. This idea is entirely erroneous for 
the reason that it is not the volume but the price at which any given pro¬ 
duct is placed upon the market that injures free industry. In every in¬ 
vestigation of this subject, and they have been numerous, ttj-is fact has 
been certified to by manufacturers and wage-earners,and from their stand¬ 
point is the main reason why present plans of prison employment should 
be abandoned. Illinois, the third greatest manufacturing State in the 
world, sustained the complete loss of one industry in consequence of the 
ruinous competition of prison labor. 

It is now proposed to adopt a plan that will eliminate the competi¬ 
tion of prison-made goods with free labor in the open market by provid¬ 
ing for the employment of convicts in the production of goods for the use 
of the State, or any political division thereof. The attitude of organized 
labor in this respect is an eminently fair one. Its leaders declared that in 
justice to the interests of various trades the system of contracting the la¬ 
bor of convicts and selling their products in open competition should 
be discontinued. They further demand that the prisoners should be 
kept employed in useful and productive industries, and that, as far as; 
practicable, all labor-saving machinery should be removed from the pris¬ 
ons. These requests constituted the subject of discussion at several c®n- 
ferences called at the instance of Governor Yates, to whose intelligent 
interest and courageous recom mendatiens in his recent message to the 
present General Assembly is principally due the progress already made 
in the work of repealing the present system. 

A measure embodying substantially all the requests of our wage-work¬ 
ers passed the House on Thursday last without a single negative vote, and' 
the prospects are that it will receive the unanimous indorsement of the 
Senate, and later the hearty approval of our Chief Executive. Time will 
permit but a brief consideration of its provisions. It embraces the best 
features of the Pennsylvania and New York laws, and is practically a du 
plicate of the act recommended by the National Industrial Commission. 
No more effective atonement could fe made for ^ast remissions than by 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS. 


Z? 

enacting the pending measure. It is generally conceded that the public ac¬ 
count system is superior to that of the lease, the piece price, and contract 
methods for the reason that it is best adapted to accomplishing the ends for 
which it was designed,viz.: the punishment and reformation of thecriminal, 
and for the additional reason that under it the State has complete control not 
only of the time,but,what is as important,the product of the convict’s labor. 

The fundamental objection to the three last-mentioned plans, from an 
industrial standpoint, is that each and all provide for the disposition of 
prison products on the open market in competition with free labor. It 
will also be admitted that no form of prison employment can wholly avoid 
either competition or displacement. Nevertheless, it is the duty of the 
State to see to it that he prison population be employed in such a way as 
to minimize the injurious effects of their competition. The most advanc¬ 
ed plan thus far adopied is that presented in the bill now being consideied 
by the Illinois Legislature. This contemplates their employment in the 
manufacture and production of articles used by the State and its several 
subdivisions. The small displacement thus affected will hardly be felt, 
while it will completely protect the wage-schedules of free labor. In 
urging the adoption of this policy, the Industrial Commission recommend¬ 
ed, in order to protect the States providing for the non-competitive system, 
the interdiction of interstate commerce in all goods in whole or in part the 
product of convict labor, and, to protect those States whose legislatures 
have already provided for such methods, an amendment to the effect t iat 
all goods, minerals or materials, in whole or in part the product of con¬ 
vict labor,upon their arrival in any State would become fully subject to its 
laws. This action on the part of the Federal ongress is necessary to 
complete the plan and thoroughly protect the States adopting this ad¬ 
vanced legislation from the injury resulting from the competition of the 
prison products of neighboring States. No one questions the constitu¬ 
tional right of the Congress to enact such legislation. The nation in a 
general sense is already committed to this pnlic*- through that provision of 
our present tariff la w prohibiting the importation of any goods made in 
whole or in pirt by convict lab ar. Limited as we are in law-making pow¬ 
er to the cendnes of our o.vn State, the prop Had legislation, in addition 
to easing our conscience will re nave one of the chief causes of complaint. 
It wi.l recognize and protect the welfare of that class of our citzens whose 
continued and profitable employment mikes p >3sibl9 the prosperity of the 
republic. It will sirve notice on every progressive State and country that 
Illinois no longer countenances the p >liey of coining the labor of the con¬ 
vict to the detriment of his reformation. It will put it in the power cf the 
prison manage meat to teach the convicts hand trades that will enable 
them upon their release to earn an honest living. Through the multiply¬ 
ing wants of the various institutions,and political divisions,ample employ¬ 
ment will be furnished. If the revenue from this system fails to meet the 
cost of maintenance, it is the dear duty of the State to make good the 
deficit. Better apply some of the proceeds of taxation in teat way than 
flonger expose ourselves to the just condemnation of society. 

Under the administration of Governor Bichard J. Oglesby the State 


40 


ORGANIZ 4.TION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


abandoned the lease system and assumed control of its penal institutions. 
If the contract system is to be abolished, which seems probable now, there 
will be reserved in the future industrial history of the State a most distin¬ 
guished place for the name of Governor Richard Yates. 

THE UNIVERSITY OP ILLINOIS 

By President A. S. Draper. 

The people of Illinois established by direct act the University upon 
which they bestowed the name of their State. They did not merely em¬ 
power a corporation to set up a University;they set up one for themselves; 
they did it to promote their own purposes; they did it through their Gen¬ 
eral Assembly, which upon matters educational exercises sovereign power. 

They were moved to do this at the time they did because of the Na¬ 
tional Land-grant Act of 1862. Their own Lincoln had favored that act» 
his hand had given it life. Their course was perhaps accelerated by the time 
limitation in the Congressional Statute. But this act was not all that 
gave being to the University of Illinois; nor was that act decisive of the 
features and functions of the University. It introduced new and most im¬ 
portant policies in world education, but the older purposes and ideals were 
not put away. The particular time was notimporant. Illinois should have 
moved before. She would have moved very soon in any event. It was 
among the pioneer, democratic people of the day to set up higher institu¬ 
tions of learning which would be expressive of their own life, which would 
uplift the industries, and represent whilethey quickened the thinkingof the 
people. All the other states in the Old Northwest Territory, all others 
which approached the standing of Illinois in the upper water shed of the 
Mississippi, had founded State universities upon the classical lines. Pos¬ 
sibly it was to her advantage that she waited as she did; she had the be¬ 
nefit of their experiences, and she did not meet the danger of scattering 
her energies in separating and duplicating institutions. The movement 
was inevitable in Illinois, and the plan and time of it were fortunate. 

The growth and the strength of it have surprised all who are not vers¬ 
ed in the history of intellectual awakenings. As the claim for one new 
department after another ha3 been met, students have gathered in greater 
numbers; the claim for larger libraries and later appliances with which to 
help on the search for the more hidden truth has become more and more 
insistent; and the demaud for additional depart neats which will pro note 
every moral, culturing, philosophical, scientific, commercial and industrial 
interest in the State has become more and more imperative. And as the 
legislature has responded to the people with a wise and generous hand, 
the University has gone forward to splendid proportions and looks out 
upon the future with confidence in possibilities which are boundless. 

It occupies more than 20 substantial buildings; its faculties number 
more than 300 persons from all the leading Universities of the world; its 
students register more than 3,200, from every comty in Illinois, and from 
forty other states and eleven foreign countries.. In size it has come to be 
the eighth University in the United States. 

It is no respecter of persons. It is for no class of the people; it does 
not believe in classifying the people. Its high mission is to bind men to- 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OP STATE OFFICIALS. 


41 


gether in a democracy of learning, and to extend the noblest fraternity in 
all the wide world. It wants the favor and patronage of the thrifty, 
but no one who is earnest, and has the preparation which the high 
schools can give, will ever find it doors slammed in his face because 
he is poor. It stands on the plane of the common brotherhood, and 
its doings are beyond the control of bigotory or of partisanship, of corpor¬ 
ate power, of social prominence or of wealth. It holds that woman has 
the inherent right to the same educational liberty and the same intellect¬ 
ual opportunity as man. Its face is to the sunlight. It is not backing its 
way into the future with sorrowing eyes upon idols in the remote and 
shadowy past. It cherishes culture, but it knows that any culture worth 
having must come through work. It encourages philosophy, but a phi¬ 
losophy which keeps it feet upon the earth, which sees through the eye of 
courage and uplifts the common life. It stands not only for teaching, but 
for research; not wandering, pointless pottering, but the hard study of hid¬ 
den truth which may enlarge one’s knowledge of himself and of all nature, 
which may make life happier and society more secure, which may quicken 
commerce and carry new fascination into the agricultural and mechanical 
industries. It nourishes the life of the spirit, but it neither submits or 
objects to any creed: it is not for free thinking which has no havens or 
anchorages; it is for freedom in a faith based upon scientific facts and log¬ 
ical thinking, and encourages worship in any form. It stands for all men 
and for equality of opportunity; its sympathies are as high as heaven, 
and as broad as the boundless universe of matter and of life;it understands 
that it was created to be the instrument of democratic society tostrengthen 
its own foundations by making men and women sane and true and tolerant 
and useful in the home and in the state; and it understands also that it 
has no monopoly of opportunity and that it is not its business to override 
or discourage, but to help on every other instrumentality, publicor private 
which makes for the same great ends. 

Now let us go through the buildings of this University and see just 
what is being done. The journey is a long one and you must be patient. We 
are to look into rooms where more than six hundred different courses of 
work are being carried on. If one man was to undertake to do all this 
work, and should be a good enough student to pass out of each course 
without “flunking,” it would take him seventy years to do it. It needs 
much time just to look into the rooms where this work is done, and the 
journey cannot be made as interesting by word as by sight. Yet if you 
will help me I think I can convey to you a general knowledge of Univer¬ 
sity affairs which you will be glad to have. We will take the buildings, 
generally speaking, in the order of their erection, and you will in that way 
get something of an idea of the evolution through which the University 
has passed. 

The first is the “Old Building,” or University Hall. It was erected 
in 187*2 by a people who probably thought that it would meet generously 
all the needs of the “University” for all time. It is not very attractive, 
architecturally, but it is very roomy, and exceedingly useful. One depart¬ 
ment after another has grown large and gone out of it until it has come 


42 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


to be the exclusive home of the College of Literature and Arts. Here are 
the departments of ancient and modern languages and their literatures, 
rhetorics and oratory. Associated with these are the departments of his¬ 
tory, philosophy, the science of government, economics, education, includ¬ 
ing psychology and the scientific study of the public school system. Here 
one may secure an all-around liberal education and may specialize in any 
literary subject to his heart’s content. Closely associated with the depart¬ 
ment of economics is the work preparatory to a business career—finance 
and accounts, banking, insurance, manufacturing, transportation, trade, 
business administrations, etc., which was specially provided by the last 
Legislature. In this building also, in close connection with the College of 
Literature, is the school ef Art and Design, and also the School of Music. 
The School of Art offers many courses in drawing, painting, modeling 
and design, and the School of Music provides liberal facilities for a knowl¬ 
edge of musical theory and history, as well as for the study of an instru¬ 
ment or the cultivation of the voice. There are half a dozen excellent 
musical organizations, and recitals and concerts are frequent. For three 
years we have had the suppbrt of the Boston Svmphony Orchestra at our 
annual Musical Festival in May. In this building we could spend a pleas¬ 
ant hour in the Zoological Musem which is the work of students of earlier 
days and, while as creditable as it was fascinating to them, shows ve*ry 
well how marked the advance in the methods of teaching the biological 
sciences has been. On the other side of the hall we stop a moment at the 
door of the old Chapel which has grown so small as to largely gooutof use. 

The only other building on the campns which is fifteen years old was 
built in 1877 for a Chemical Laboratory,and remodeled in 1902 for the Col¬ 
lege of Law. This College believes in studying the science of the law just 
as you study any other science, and exacts the entire time of students and 
teachers. The College is young, being opened in 1897. The building has 
been well made over,and its pleasant offices,ample class rooms, well lighted 
library, and traditional court room make a fine home for a College which 
promises to be very potential in the affairs of the University and the State 

The next structure erected was the Armory at the north end of Bur- 
rill avenue. Burrill avenue, by the way, runs north and south nearly 
through the three hundred acres in the campus, has a stately row of bsau- 
tiful elm trees on either side, and takes its name fro n that of the professor 
who has been setting out trees on the University grounds from the very be¬ 
ginning. The drill floor at the Armory is 100x150 feet, and the roof, de¬ 
signed by our professor of architecture, is said to bo the largest trussed 
roof in the State. Here military drill is required of all freshmen and soph¬ 
omore male students twice each week through the year. The military or¬ 
ganization consists of a band of forty men, a battery of artillery of about 
eighty men, with two six-pounder field guos, and a regiment of infantry of 
six hundred men, equipped with the regulation cadet musket. The uni¬ 
form is gray, officers blue. The field and line officers are chosen from the 
Graduate School and the two upper classes,and the non-commissioned offi¬ 
cers from the two lower classes. The organization is complete, and the dis¬ 
cipline exact. It is the claim of the University that its military organiza- 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS. 43 

tion is in appearance, discipline, and morale not equalled in the State. It 
has attracted first attention in the last two inaugural parades at Spring- 
field. The department is in charge of an officer of the regular army, de¬ 
tailed by the war department, the present detail being a gallant veteran 
of the civil war and of many Indian campaigns, who has been in the ser¬ 
vice more than forty years. 

The building with steep gables, built of red-pressed brick and Bedford 
stone, is that of the College of Science and is called, with doubtful advisa¬ 
bility, the Natural History Building. Here are the departments of botany, 
zoology, entomology, geology, physiology, and experimental psychology. 
Here, too, are the quarters of the State Entomologist, and the State Lab¬ 
oratory of Natural History. One interested in scientific research will grav¬ 
itate toward this building. If cats and dogs are indisposed to contribute 
themselves to the promotion of science they will go a long way around it. 
In one of these rooms there are enough microbes bottled up in test tubes 
to set the whole State aflame with malignant diseases, and in another 
there are the appliances to show that the heart of the embryonic chicken 
in the egg begins to beat in less than two days after che hen begins to set. 
Ever^S3ientific process in these departments is followed with the patience 
and enthusiasm which prove how very difficult and how very eager is the 
quest for new scientific truth. When it is found all the world knows it. 

This fine building of buff brick and stone, over the way, has no supe¬ 
rior in the country for engineering education. In it is carried on the 
class work of the great departments of civil engineering, mechanical engi¬ 
neering,including railway engineering,electrical engineering, and municipal 
and sanitary engineering. The department of architecture and architect¬ 
ural engineering occupies the top floor. It has been in charge of Professor 
Ricker for nearly thirty years, and his scholarly industry has resulted in a 
collection of arcnitectural plates and models of unequalled value. The 
department of physics is there also, but it sorely needs a building of its 
own, and other interests need the room it occupies. The department of 
photography has its quart <rs here as well. The engineering shops and 
laboratories are housed in a row of six new brick structures north of the 
Engineering Building. We will walk through them, just glancing here and 
there, lest you tire oat and leave us before we are half way through. 

The first is the Laboratory of Applied Mechanics,or Testing Laboratory. 
Here all manner of building materials, iron, stone, brick,cement,are tested 
for strength and durability. This is the Hydraulic Laboratory, and this 
next one is the Water Station. The University pumps all the water it uses 
from deep wells, and requires something like 140,000 gallons each day. 

We will go out of this back door and into the back door of the boiler 
room of the heat, light,and power plant. Here we have 1,100 horse power 
in boilers, which furnish heat, light, and power to ali University build¬ 
ings. All pipes and wires are carried through mason-work, underground 
tunnels which are six feet six inches in the upright diameter, and have 
already attainad a length of 3,000 feet—more than a half mile. The whole 
system was laid out and constructed by Professor Breckenridge. 

This highly attractive building in front shelters the electrical and 


44 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


steam laboratories. The architectural work for this group was done by 
two of our own professors, Messrs. Temple and McLean. The steam 
laboratory is full of steam engines of every character and design. Here is 
one of our own make and is especially interesting, for it is the first steam 
engine ever made in an educational institution. Several of these were made 
by students in regular work. Here is an air-compressor, and Professor 
Breckenridge has led a pipe to the open air at several points so tho boys 
can hitch on their bicycles and have the tires blown up without the hard 
labor which he would have them keep for other things. These 
machines within the immaculate brass rail supply the lights on the cam¬ 
pus and in all the buildings. 

Out here, in the front, upstairs and down, are the electrical laborato 
ries, and one who is up in such things may study dynamos,and motors,and 
converters, and transformers, and storage batteries, and switchboards to 
his heart’s content. Some years ago before our equipment approached its 
present stage a bright, recent graduate of one of the two or three foremost 
eastern technical schools came to me with a letter from the Governor of 
the State asking me to afford him the facilities for doing an intricate 
piece of electrical work. I helped him, but felt the necessity of apologizing 
for our equipmentas compared with what he had been accustomed to. 
In a week he had his work done alad came in to thank me. As 1 again ex¬ 
pressed fear that wo might not have such equipment as he had worked 
with he said, ‘’Oh, you have no apologies to make; you have enough sight 
better equipment than they have.” 

This long building over here contains the metal shops. This is the 
smith shop. This is the foundry; if we could happen in here on a Friday 
morning we should see the boys‘‘pour off.” This is the machine shop, 
where we shall find some as beautiful pieces of mechanism as you ever saw 
Here among the others is a costly gear-cutting machine recently given as 
a memorial to Edward L. Adams, a bright young graduate whose lament¬ 
able death resulted from fidelity to his employers and zeal for his profes¬ 
sion. This great fly-wheel was cast in the foundry; it is the largest ever 
attempted by students, and is part of a steam engine which the boys are 
getting ready for the Louisiana purchase exposition at St. Louis next 
year. This engine, with their Illinois Central dynamometer car, will be 
likeiy to draw its full share of attention to our department of mechanical 
engineering. 

This is the wood shop. It is new, and a model for others to profit by. 
The neatness and order of the placs attractone,and many a young man finds 
life-long pleasure and profit in the work which he is here required to do. 

You understand that in these shops we jjre not merely training young 
men to be blacksmiths and carpenters, as desirable as such training is- 
Where that is done they must 3pend a much longer time in the shop than 
is practicable here. We are training them for engineers. We are teach¬ 
ing them respect for the mechanic,and seeing that they know something of 
the difficulties in his way. We are putting into them some knowledge of 
the fundamental processes which are at the foundation of successful en¬ 
gineering. And there is a plan about it all. They study theories, and then 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS, 


45 


they carred them out. They go into the designing and drafting rooms 
then they make the patterns; then they mould and cast the parts in iron; 
and then they finish and burnish them: then they mount them and make 
up the finished machine; finally they turn on the power and see whether their 
theories have been correct and their work exact. No one boy does all this, 
but all have a part in it. The work is not pointless. There is interest 
from beginning to end, and great satisfaction in the climax. While their 
hands have been growing deft, their heads have been growing clear and 
strong, and their hearts have been growing tolerant and kindly. 

We shall now go into tho finest building on the grounds, the Library 
Building. Tb^.appropriation for it was saved by an all-night ride. It 
was built*in 1897 of Minnesota sandstone, and is wholly fire-proof. Its 
noble tower and red-tiled roofs produce a superior architectural effect, 
This tower is waiting for a chime of bells which some generous hand will 
sometime give us. An American artist, (Mr. Newton A. Wells), studying 
in Paris, came all the way to place the mural paintings in the lunettes of 
the delivery room and oversee the decorations. He has since become a mem¬ 
ber of our art and architectural faculties. We were bound to have a little 
good art work to stimulate the good taste of generations of students, and 
succeeeded. The paintings represent literature, agriculture, science, and 
engineeering, the four colleges of the University at the time they were 
executed. The scheme of decoration is purely Byzantine. The delivery room is 
copied from the throne-room in the palace of King Ludwig, in Bavaria. 
The reading rooms are spacious, and amply lighted from both sides. Si¬ 
lence is exacted here, and a conversation room is provided as a refuge for 
the oppressed. The stack rooms have a capacity of 150,000 volumes. 
The administration offices are upstairs, but will some day claim a build¬ 
ing of their own. We are accustomed to say that thi3 beautiful Library 
Building is the best example of the finished work of the University, for it 
is the product of graduates of the University. Senator Henry M. Dunlap, 
of the class of 1875, was the main spoke in the wheel that turned out the 
appropriation, as he has been in many other similar wheels. Professors Ricker 
and White, of the department of architecture, both graduates of the Uni¬ 
versity, were the architects, and Warren R. Roberts, of the class of 1888, 
was the president of the construction company whicherectid the building. 

The art collections in the basement are not so well provided for as they 
deserve. This large number of plaster casts of the masterpieces in sculp¬ 
ture, aud this rich collection of old steel engravings, unsurpassed in the 
number of historic portraits, were procured by the first President of the 
University through the generosity of friends in the early days of the insti¬ 
tution. President Gregory went to Europe to make his selections, and 
gave liberally of his own money as well as his cultivated artistic sense 
to give these collections to the institution into which he was puttting his 
own life, ffhey must iitioubi installed in an environment of greater 
dignity and effectiveness, in a building which will stand for the art inter¬ 
ests of the State. 

We must not leave this building without mentioning the State Li¬ 
brary School, which has rooms here, and is preparing librarians for pub- 


46 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


lie service. It has a two-years’ course, and requires three j’ears of college 
work in preparation for it. Many of its students are graduates of this and 
other Universities. The course is severe, and we have more students than 
we know how to take care of. The school has but one or two substantial 
rivals in the country. It is doing a very great work for the public, and 
incidentally it has rendered a marked service to the library interests and 
has exerted a very uplifting influence upon the womanly interests of this 
University. The school, with the library, requires the exclusive use of 
this building, and it is to be hoped that the erection of a separate admin¬ 
istration building will in time give the building over to it. 

We must now go out to the south campus. As students have mul 
tiplied in recent years they flock out to these beautiful lawns and the artifi¬ 
cial forest, in the afternoons, at this time of the year for recreation. All 
the open air sports flourish. Even the “‘Varsity teams” practice here 
for a time in order to gratify the ambition of the gardeners and give the 
lawns on ‘Illinois Field” a better chance for life. 

That building on the corner over there, just over the border of the 
campus, is the property of the University YouDg Men’s and Young 
Women’s Christian Associations. It is a fine property, and they own an¬ 
other fine piece of real estate on the other side of the grounds, as well as 
several lots in the northern part of the adjacent city. The associations 
have seven or eight hundred student members, and are the most efficient 
organization of their class in the west. They assist new students in finding 
homes and getting started, and are at all times forceful in promoting ro~ 
ligious activity in the University community. 

That building with the dome, on the high ground, is the Astronom 
ical Observatory. The appropriation for that came out of a “Legislative 
mix-up,” and few knew what had happened until the smoke of battle had 
cleared away. The building is equipped with a fine twelve inch equator¬ 
ial telescope and accessories, and is capable of excellent work in the way of 
research as well as of instruction. It is not of much use to go in there 
until night has come. 

Now we have come to the buildings of the College of Agriculture. 
There are five in the group, erected in 1899—1900. If you walk around 
the outside of these buildings you will have traveled a quarter of a mile. 
The inside space is enormous. We beiieve we are solving here the diffi¬ 
cult problem of scientific argicultural education. The work can only be in¬ 
dicated in the briefest manner. Here they are beginning to make a gener¬ 
al survey of the different soils of the State. They are analyzing soils chem¬ 
ically in order to see what crops can be raised to best advantage, and 
what sort of treatment the soil should have. They treat of drainage and 
irrigation and fertilizers and the rotation of crops and of farm machinery,, 
etc. They study trees, particularly fruit-hearing trees, and pay no little 
attention to ornamental trees and to landscape gardening and architecture. 
Vegetables and flowers find places in their courses. The department of 
animal husbandry is teaching the propagation, care, treatment, and use of 
domestic animals. The department of dairy husbandry is teaching by* 
theory and demonstration the preparation of all classes of dairy products. 


ILLIMOIS ASSOCIATION OF 1 STATE OFFICIALS. 


47 


If you will look out of that south window you will see the barns with good 
specimens of Morgan horses, a great family which the University is striv¬ 
ing to recover, and you may see hundreds of dairy and beef cattle, includ¬ 
ing Shorthorn, Jersey, Ayreshire, and Holstein families, as choice as any 
in the country. Specimens are led into the stock-judging room down stairs 
where they may be studied deliberately and with comfort. 

Out of this window, too, we may see parts of the South Farm, with 
four hundred acres of garden lands which the University owns and gives 
over to the great work of agricultural experimentation. The United 
States Agricultural Experiment Station is housed here. In the last two 
years Illinois has put a hundred thousand dollars into the work of this Sta¬ 
tion. And with her great agricultural interests well she mav. It has been 
proved here that you can change the chemical constituents of corn oy se¬ 
lection. Who can estimate the value of that to a State with a corn crop of 
320,000,000 bushels, the largest by far in the country? 

Here is the department of ho jsehold science. It is not a cookin i- 
school, but a place where the house- its design and decoration and equip¬ 
ment and safety and healthfulness and conveniences; the food -its produc¬ 
tion, analysis, adaptation, preparation, where evervthing related to home 
making and family life is scientifica'ly studied. This is the only university 
in the country, so far as I kno<*, where this all-important subject is given 
recognized position in college work, and where work in it may count to¬ 
wards a degree. 

We cannot tarry longer in these buildings,but before we go it ought to 
be said that a very large shar* of thi cradit for this great agricultural de¬ 
velopment is due to Dean Davenport, and that it now looks as though the 
advance of the next two years will equal if not surpass that of the last two. 

This fine large building, hardly fin ished, is the Chemical Laboratory, 
It is in the form of the letter E,and is 230 feet along the front,and 116 feet 
along the wings. The details of this structure came from the very full ex¬ 
perience of this University and from chemical laboratories in all parts of 
the world. In ample provision for work in both pure and economic chem¬ 
istry, as well as in range and efficiency of work, we need not fear compar¬ 
ison with any. It is said that we have graduated more students in ad¬ 
vanced chemistry than any other institution in the country save one. I 
am not competent to tell you about the details of this work. Here are 
lecture rov) ns and laboratories, class rooms and seminary rooms and re¬ 
search rooms and balance rooms and supply rooms, and stills and retorts 
and bottles and odors, without limit. I suppose the apparatus needs 
strengthening; it always doe*. If that should cease to be true we would 
all be ripe for translation. In this room they have been carrying on a 
lot of nutrition experim mt-s in cooperation with the United States Gov¬ 
ernment. I heard the professor say the other day that they had proved 
that there was just as much nutriment in the cheap cuts of meat as in 
the more costly; that the only difference is in t.oothsomeness and price; 
there is consolation for some of us in that, In this room here they have, 
an the last six or eight years, analyzed fifteen thousand specimens of 
drinking water in order to determine whether they contain the germs of 


48 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


disease. These have come from the people in all parts of the State, and no 
charge has been made for the work. 

We must now go to the north side of the grounds to see the new Men’s 
Gymnasium. On the way you will notice the President’s House, erected 
in 1896, where I am sure you will be very welcome. We will just walk 
through the greenhouse; here plants and flowers are propagated for use 
about the grounds and buildings, and in study. 

This Gymnasium is, like the Armory adjacent, 100x150 feet on the 
ground. On its first floor are the offices of the director, the examination 
room, dressing rooms for the ‘Varsity and visiting teams, the faculty 
dressing room, and the locker-room, with provision for twelve hundred 
metal lockers, and a swimming pool 26x75 feet, and eight feet deep. 

All freshman students undergo physical examination, and prescribed 
physical exercise is required through the first year. Every care is taken 
to correct physical defects, or unfortunate tendencies, and to train the 
body so it may carry the severe work of the University. We strive to de¬ 
velop well-rounded men and women with powers harmoniously developed, 
and we believe in the work and sport rationally balanced. 

Here is the trophy-room for the care of footballs and baseballs and 
bats and all manner of appliances used in intercollegiate contests which 
have now and again stirred the University crowd to the very depths. That 
beautiful sterling silver loving cup was presented by the business men of 
Champaign to the ‘Varsity baseball team when it came home from the 
east last year after winning five games out of the six played. They lost 
to Harvard by a score of two runs on a bit of hard luck, and by reason of 
a split finger, but they had the Princeton, Yale, West Point, Pennsylvania 
and Michigan scalps,—rather aristocratic ones surely,—at their belt when 
they came back to the tall timber. And all the members of the team 
were matriculated students without conditions in their studies, the aver¬ 
age standing of all the men being above 89. Practically all o f them grad¬ 
uated last year, or will this. Yet when I was ou my vacation in the east 
last summer the college boys would timidly lead up to the baseball ques¬ 
tion, and with a little encouragement they would brace up and ask wheth¬ 
er “the men in that baseball team were truly students in the University?” 
What could possibly lead them to think of such a thing? 

The gymnasium floor upstairs is the full size of the building, and the 
running track suspended above it covers a mile in thirteen laps. From 
these north windows we get a fine view of “Illinois Field.” It covers 
about 12 acres. The elliptical cinder track covers one-third of a mile, and 
the straight-away is one-eighth of a mile. It makes an excellent place for 
the “diamond” and the “gridiron” and for military reviews. Here many 
a contest develops genuine skill and heroism and makes Illinois blood tin¬ 
gle to the very tips of the fingers. 

We have now finished our tour of buildings and grounds so far as 
they are associated with the seat of the University, but I must say a word 
of the important departments in Chicago. In 1896 the old Chicago Col¬ 
lege of Pharmacy, founded in 1859, and occupying the building at 465 
State street, was absorbed by the University. In 1897 the College of Phy- 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS. 


49 


sicians and Surgeons became the College of Medicine of the University, 
and in 1901 a School of Dentistry was organized in connection with that 
college. The Schools of Medicine and Dentistry occupy most commo¬ 
dious buildings opposite the Cook County Hospital, and are of first prom¬ 
inence in the city. Our departments in Chicago are wholly self-support¬ 
ing, and have more than a thousand students. 

UNIVERSITY WORK. 

We have now seen the University plant, but grounds and ma^on work 
are not the objects of first interest here. Young men and women have 
the first place in human interest, and the work which our students are 
doing has a fascination beyond everything else we can show you. 

As you have seen, the work extends into every field of intellectual and 
industrial activity, with the single exception of theology. We believe 
in general culture, and work for it unremittingly. We believe that 
the high and ultimate standing of this people is conditioned upon broader 
and more exact training for their professional life. We know that the 
wealth of Illinois is in her soil, and that her strength depends upon its 
scientific development. Above all else we know that the prosperity aud 
influence of the State and the happiness of her people must turn upon the 
training, the industry, and the outlook of her young men and women. We 
are not unmindful of the solemn responsibility of our trust, and we are 
striving to guide and direct the young men and women of Illinois in what¬ 
ever line of work they may choose, so that they may not only become sure¬ 
footed and safe citizens, with a proper appreciation of the obligations of 
public service, but also that they m y honor industry of every kind, and be 
filled with the purpose and the power to produce some ! hing which will 
quicken the moral strength and enlarge the honest wealth of all. 

We would not only train our students, and teach them what the world 
already knows, but we would enlarge the sura of the world’s knowlege. 
The State has as yet hardly enabled us to go beyond the teaching. Two 
years ago, for the first time, it gave the Agricultural Experiment Station 
a hundred thousand dollars to find new scientific facts. That is a short 
time in which to get much result from experimentation, but it is wholly 
within bounds to say that the results already gained are worth much more 
to the economic wealth of Illinois than all the money she has put into the 
University in the thirty-five years of its history.. Why shoul 1 not tbe 
State enable her engineering as well as her* agricultural interests to experi¬ 
ment? If she will I am sure the results will be no less gratifying. 

STUDENT LIFE. 

Student 1 fe at the University is free, democratic and healthful. We 
■do not want students who are not mature enough to go away from home 
■and be self-respecting and gain strength through independence. We do 
mot want students who have not made the most of the local schools and are 
mot prepared for college work. Our entrance requirements are high, —as 
high as those of any University in the middle-west, and they are going 
•still higher. We are not looking for students; we are seeking to be useful, 
and usefulness requires that students who can and are anxious to do cpj- 


50 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


lege work shall not be hindered by those who are not prepared, or who are 
without fiber and purpose. 

As a rule our students are from comfortable though modest homes, 
have neither time nor money to waste, and are in the University with a 
serious purpose. A few get in by mistake, theirs or ours; no one knows 
why they come; but they soon find their level through University senti¬ 
ment and the semester examinations, and ere long they “quituate” under 
some sort of a guise which will cover a retreat. 

The work is severe, requiring good health and full time. The ambition 
to do it is so strong, the humiliation of failure is so great, that there is 
more occasion to caution against over-work aud to look out for health and 
the eyes than there is to incite to greater effort. 

University students are not all real or simulated saints. They are not 
all just ready for translation. We do not put a premium on dolorous 
faces. But the moral sense of the whole body is certainly as free and re¬ 
liable, it is surely as healthful and expressive, as in smaller institutions. 
There is often moral safety in numbers because there is more right than 
wrong in people anyway, and in an educated crowd the predominence of 
right is marked and to be relied upon. We proceed upon the theory that 
men and women who go to college know what is right and may be ex¬ 
pected to do it. We do not make rules to defy breakage, and we do no 
spying to stir resentment. We do not lecture the crowd because one de¬ 
serves it. We admonish the one, offer him every help we can, and when 
he cannot do our work, or if he has developed any habits which unfit him 
for safe association with otaors, we send him home. We would send one 
home for intoxication, for visiting a saloon, for licentiousness, or for gam¬ 
bling, or betting, or for any other moral wrong which would extend if not 
met decisivly. We seek companionship between Faculty and students 
and between students of every social station and grade of work, and the 
result is a mutuality of helpfulness which every one, from first to Ust^ 
in the institution stands in need of if he is to make the most of himself 
and if the greatest things are to be accomplished. 

It is sometimes said that in the smaller institutions the students come 
more in contact with good teachers and more under the influence of 
strong men than in the larger ones. Very likely the smaller in ^titutio n 
have certain advantages in certain ways, and for certain men. We cannot 
enter upon the task of measuring men in institutions of different dimen¬ 
sions, but it is fair to say that one will look long and hard for a student in 
a leading University who has lacked sufficient contact wit 1 * a teacher who 
is entirely able to teach him, and the influence of an educated throng, 
and of the infinite variety of work, upon each individual, will make reason¬ 
able amends for any lack of strong men who hava been diverted from 
the larger institutions to the smaller ones. 

RELATIONS WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS. 

One who disparages any genuine educational instrumentality only 
discredits himself and deals his own institution a vital blow. In educa¬ 
tion the more one gives to another the richer he becomes. Meanness de- 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS. 


51 


feats itself. We have many educational instrumentalities in this country. 
They are all to be encouraged, for they all form part of the public educa¬ 
tional system. Private educational enterprise is to be commended. A 
State has a right to found a University; the very end of a democratic state 
is education; the people have a right toset up a University of their own which 
shall stimulate and express their own thought and bring the benefits of 
higher learning to all of their industrial and commercial affairs. But that 
University has no right to ask any special favors from the common power 
which may discourage personal enterprise or discredit private undertak¬ 
ings unless imperative to the general good and essential to the general ends 
for which it is maintained. All are bound to work together in mutual re¬ 
spect and fraternal regard,and so long as all are guided by reasonable intel¬ 
ligence and actuated by sound motives there will be no difficulty about it. 

LOOKING FORWARD. 

The University of Illinois has advanced strongly in recent years. The 
growth of all the State Universities in the middle-west in the last decade 
has surprised the country, and has been very significant of the purposes 
of the people concerning the higher learning: but the advance in Illinois 
has been more decisive than in any other state. Yet we need not plume 
ourselves too much upon this. Illinois had given less support to her Uni¬ 
versity than any other state in the upper Mississippi valley up to ten years 
ago; and Illinois has more at stake and more to give than any other state. 
There has been room enough for the growth of her University, and a reali¬ 
zation of her own indifference touched her pride. Much has been done; 
The legislature, from its point of view, has made liberal appropriations, 
and the Governor has given us warm words of encouragement which have 
quickened our heart-beats; the officers, faculties, and students of the Uni¬ 
versity have gone forward in harmony and without much commotion: we 
have increased in numbers, enlarged our offerings, advanced our stand¬ 
ards, gone more and more into real University work, until we have come 
sharply into rivalry or comparison with the other State Universities, and 
in some measure with the oldest and strongest Universities in the country. 

But what next? Are we to feel that we have gone far enough? Noone 
will admit it. Is Illinois willing to hold a place secondary to that of any 
neighboring state in her provision for the higher training of the youth? 
Is she content to send her sons and daughters of the State to get the best 
there is in American education? It is not to be thought of. The bright 
star which marks the center of our population must with the next cen¬ 
sus be brought within the boundaries of Illionis. That which marks the 
center of agricultural productivity is already here. We are at the center 
of the carrjing trade; the map of Illinois is blacker with railroad lines 
than that of any other State in the Union, or that of any other nation on 
the globe. Are we not to have the center of education here also? Shall we 
not force the best men and women in the east to come to the centerof the 
country for training rather than to permit the annual pilgrimages of eastern 
collegepresidents for western students to continue indefinitely.upon assump¬ 
tion which rest upon temerity more than upon fact? Why shall Illinois not 
aspire to be the recognized centerof American education? Illinois is able; 


52 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


her primacy depends upon it; and the men and women of her future will 
bless us for it. 

Is our outlook a visionary one? I answer with a quotation from a 
recent letter to The Boston Transcript from Hon. S. N. D. North, a Bos¬ 
ton statistician and economist of wide experience and keen insight, just ap¬ 
pointed Director of the United States Census by the president. The let¬ 
ter was written to protest against the treatment of the Massachusetts In¬ 
stitute of Technology by the State of Massachusetts. Mr North says: 

“During a recent visit to the University of Illinois, I was profoundly 
impressed with the generosity with which the people of that State have 
equipped that great institution of learning. In number of buildings, in 
size, in architectural beauty, and in the most modern facilities for work 
this plant is not inferior to that of any eastern University. There have 
been single sessions of the legislature which have voted to the University 
more money than Massachusetts has appropriated for all educational pur¬ 
poses combined in fifty years. These grants are not mad 3 recklessly; they 
are carefully considered, and deliberately ordered in the belief that no pos¬ 
sible investment of the people's money will yield so quick and so satis¬ 
factory a return. What is true of Illinois is true in no less degree of Mich¬ 
igan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and other western States. More and more 
the youth of these States are turning to their own institutions for education. 
Less and less, as the years pass* will these joung men and young women 
attend our eastern colleges and technical schools; and we must have a care 
lest the time shall come when eastern boys will find it to their advantage 
to seek these western Universities in order to enioy the highest and most 
complete facilities in their lines of study/’ 

Let these great central States press on in genuine and honest educa¬ 
tional rivalry with characteristic enthusiasm and with entire confidence. 
And let Illinois remember that if she is to maintain a University at all she 
is bound to maintain one which is not only in the first class, put that she is 
bound to help it to the very head of that class. And let her realize that 
when it comes to rivalry with the very best, further advance calls for 
all the foresight and enthusiasm and moneyed help the State can give 
In Universities the best is not likely to be ckeap, and what is cheap is not. 
likely to be the best. But we need not hesitate. There is no safer endow¬ 
ment than the buoyant enthusiasm, the democratic spirit and the taxing 
power of a State with six millions of intelligent and prosperous people, 
and with potential resources wholly beyond cilculation. And the farther 
we go in training men and women, in enlarging knowledge, and in develop¬ 
ing resources, the more stable and prolific will that endowment be. 

the parole law. 

By E. Saivel?. of the B>ar\l of Pardons 
Uader the criminal law in this State, all persons o-ver the age of 21 
years, convicted of a felony, (except four crimes excepted by the statute) 
are sent to the penitentiary for an indeterminate term, the period of their 
imprisonment to be finally determined by the State Board of Pardons. 
When a prisoner has served about six months, he is given a blank 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS, 


53 


containing certain interrogatories which he is required to answer. These 
interrogatories call for information pertaining to the past life of the pris¬ 
oner telling where and by whom he has been employed for a period of ten 
years prior to his arrest. The object of obtaining this information is to 
learn whether or not the prisoner has any prior criminal record, as well as 
his occupation, his associates, his mode of obtaining a livelihood, and other 
matters which will aid the board in considering when clemency should be 
extended to him. If the crime of which the prisoner has been convicted 
is a minor felony, and he has heretofore borne a good character, the prob¬ 
abilities all are that he will be paroled at the end of eleven months—the 
law allowing him one month’s good time the first year. 

Where a prisoner is known to have previously served in a prison, the 
board requires him to serve one prison year for each term before he can 
come before them for examination for parole. 

The examination of prisoners is most thorough, and in passing upon 
the question of their parole, the board takes into account their past life, 
the nature and character of the crime of which they were convicted, and 
the probabilities of the prisoner reforming and leading a proper life when 
he again receives his liberty. 

The period of parole is twelve months, during which time the prisoner 
has to be steadily employed, must keep away from saloons, abstain from 
ah use of intoxicating drinks, and live an honest, industrious and sober life, 
reporting to the warden of the prison once each month, giving a state¬ 
ment of his earnings, expenses, and general conduct during the preceding 
month, and this statement must be verified by his employer. At the 
end of his parole he receives his final discharge and is once more a free 
man. 

Under the old law the jury of the court fixed the length of time the 
prisoner must serve. It is is contended by some that the jury whichhears all 
the evidence, sees the witnesses and prisoner on trial, are better ji dges of 
the length of time a person should be punished than some board, which, 
eleven months afterwards, conducts an examination. The trouble with 
this view is that fully seventy-five per cent of the men convicted are non¬ 
residents of the county in which they are tried. Neith.r the sheriff nor 
the state’s attorney have money at their disposal with which to hunt up 
the record of a prisoner placed upon trial. On the contrary, the pris¬ 
oner is required to give to the Board of Pardons a history of bis life, and 
they have, therefore, the means of ascertaining if he belongs to the class 
whose business it is to prey upon society. There is now confined in Joliet 
one of the most noted of Canadian forgers, and also a diamond thi f known 
to the police from New York to San Francisco, and these men came to the 
the prison with a request from the trial judge and state’s attorney that 
they be released at the end of eleven months. One of these men, 
when he found he had to tell of his life, admitted one term of five years in 
one state prison, seven in another, over a dozen burglaries; has broken 
jail on two occasions, and says that for twenty years he has been a burglar 
and a thief. Neither the trial judge nor the state’s attorney would have 
asked their release at the end of eleven months if they had known the 


54 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


character of the men, but there was no way they could find this out. 
They were compelled to accept the statement of the prisoners that it was 
their first crime, and they resorted to it merely because they were starving. 
The Board of Pardons investigated their record and learned their history . 

The old law, by its gross inequality in the imposition of sentences, 
made many criminals. Every one who has paid any attention to court 
proceedings will admit that it not infrequently occurred that, at the same 
term of court, one man would receive a sentence of one year, while another 
would receive a sentence of ten years for, practically, the same crime. In 
a Southern Illinois county, a few years before the adoption of the parole 
law, at one term of court, every person convicted of a felony, and there 
were some ten or fifteen of them, received a twelve-years* sentence without 
any regard to his crime. The same inequality that existed in sentences in 
a county, existed to a much greater degree as between counties. The re¬ 
sult of this was that many a man was released from prison who went out. 
determined to live by crime. Fie knew of others in prison who had a 
criminal record, who had served one or more previous terms, yet received a 
much lighter punishment, and he became embittered against the law and 
against suiety and he believed there was no justice in the courts. Under 
the old law, where a professional burglar, forger, thief or criminal of any 
kind was arrested, he always had plenty of friends to aid him, and the 
best criminal lawyer in the country was always employed. If the state’s 
attorney happened to be a young men, with little experience, the result 
was a compromise on a short s?nteoce or the release of tne pris> ner. But 
when a poor fellow, with neither mo i^y nor influential friends to aid him, 
happened to commit crime, the case was different. Counsel would be as¬ 
signed him, but it was never the older or more able memoers of the bir, 
because they were beyond the period of working for glory—his lawyer was 
some young man just starting in the profession, and the liberty of the 
citizen was turned over to him as a subject upon which to practice. Then, 
if the state's attorney happened to be anexperienced practitioner, there was 
a “substantial vindication of the majesty of the law,” and the poor fellow 
would get a long sentence. 

The result of the old law was that the men who committed small 
crimes end who ^hnulc: have received light punishment, were confined 
longer than the habitual criminal. 

A prac ice directly the reverse is now enforced in this State. The 
first offender is treated in a way to reform hiwhile the habitual crimi. 
nal is receiving punishment co a mens urate with his life and his determined 
warfare upon government and society. 

I desire now to call vour attenti >n to s uni statistics c > npariog the 
work of the Board of Pardons with the Ust fiscal year of the old law For 
these statistics I have taken tue records of the Joliet penitentiary, as in 
that prison is confined a greater proportionate number of habitual crimi¬ 
nals than in Chester, because thi fo-rmer dri vs its population, to a very 
great extent, from Chicago and the larger cities of the State. The show¬ 
ing for the present term would be some better if statistics were compiled 
from both prisons. 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS. 


55 


Prom July 1st, 1894, to July 1st, 1895, (the last year the old law was in 
effect)—ihe daily count averaged 1677. 

Prom October 1st, 1901, to October 1st, 1902, with a great increase in 
population, daily count averaged 1227—a decrease of 450. due almost entire¬ 
ly to the enforcement of the parole law. 

Por the year ending July lst { 1895, 679 prisoners were released by vir¬ 
tue of the expiration of their terms. 

Por the year ending October 1st, 19)2, 631 prisoners were released on 
parole, and of this number, fourteen only were returned for a violation 
of their parole. Forty per cent, of the titil number were released under 
the old law. and only thirty per cent, unler the parole law. 

During the last year the definite sentence Uy wis in ferae there were 
received at the prison 113 second-termers; 33 third-termers; 13 fourth-ter¬ 
mers; 5 fifth-termers, and 2 sixth termers. 

During the last fiscal year there were received at the prison, 50 second - 
termers; 7 third-termers, and 2 fourth-termers. 

Those who went out under the ol d Uvv serve 1 in side the prison wills 
an average of one year, seven moeths, and eleven days. 

Those paroled served inside the prison walls an average of two years, 
one month, and twenty-five days, and one year on parole outside the pris¬ 
on walls, during which last year they were subject to be returned to pris¬ 
on for any violation of their parole. 

The increased average of time served inside the prison walls, under 
the present law, is caused by the longer ti ne of serviee required by the 
habitual criminal. The average term of service required from the first of¬ 
fender is much shorter than the average term of service required under 
the old law. 

The board visits each prison once a month. First they examine the state¬ 
ment of the trial judge and state’s attorney, which the law requires those 
officers to make, giving a statement of the crime of which the prisoner 
was convicted. Theu they examine such letters as may be filed either for 
or against the prisoner. Then the prisoner is brought before then and 
questioned as to his crime, his past life, and otherwise interrogated. Prom 
the warden and prison officials, inform i .i >n is obtained. If the board 
believes the man is a fit subject for parole, an order to that effect is made. 
If the board is dissatisfied as to the man’s record, and believes he should 
longer be kept in prison, his case is continued to a certain date when he 
will be released. 

When an order is made for the parole of a prisoner, the matter of his 
employment is left entirely in the hinds of the warden. Before that o ffi- 
cer accapts any offer of e nployment, he investigates the character of the 
party offered to see if he is a proper person to have charge of the prisoner. 

When paroled, the prisoner has merely to act the part of a good citi¬ 
zen—that is all. 

That the pirole law has reformed many a man is beyond doubt. That it 
will eventually drive from the State the habitual criminal is equally certain. 

Perhaps the man best qualified to give an opinion on the parole law is 
Cipt. M. P. Evins, head of the Bureau of Identification of the police sys- 


56 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


stem of Chicago. He says, in a recent letter to a Chicago paper, that the 
present law is a great improvement over the old one, that it keeps 
professional criminals out of that city, and that its repeal would make 
Chicago the Mecca of thieves. 

No law will stop crime. A humane law will hold out to first offenders 
the lamp of hope all trimmed and brigbtlj' burning. A just la v will pro¬ 
tect society and the individual from those who prefer to lead the life of the 
criminal. The old law was entirely too often neither humane nor just. It 
made criminals of many and reformed fe v—it could not be enforced in 
an impartial manner. It is no reflection upon the courts or the juries to say 
this, because the objections to the old law which I have pointed out were 
beyond their control. Under the new law, the first offender is aided to re¬ 
form, while the habitual criminal is learning that if he desires light pun¬ 
ishment, he must confine his cri n>s to so ne other State than Illinois. 

MERIT SYSTEM BY STATUTE. 

By Dr. w. E. Taylor. 

My subject, “Merit System byjStatute,” is not musty with age nor is 
it fragile because of infancy. In our Stite it is robust, energetic and for¬ 
midable. The system, in a modified form, is favorably rag ir led in many 
states and large cities and it governs the selection of rno3t of the employes 
of our national government. The efficacy of the law prompted towp3hips, 
counties, districts and our State convention to declare in their platform, 

“ We favor Civil Service Reform and Merit System by Statute;” metro¬ 
politan newspapers have reffected the sentinment of the people in 
its behalf; the metropolis of the State has adopted the system, and 
many of the leading business men unhesitatingly endorse the measure. 
A better law governing appointments cannot be framed than the 
one on our statute books, if strictly followed. It contemplates that 
the appointee shall be especially qualified for the position he is to fill, and 
that an employee shall not be discharged except for cause and, in most 
departments, the cause must be given in writing. 

To the credit of the present Executive and his predecessor, both of whom 
I have had the honor to serve, I believe I am warranted in saying that 
transgressions from the implied spirit of the law have been reluced to a 
minimum, but no mortal m m can resist the poverful influence of the 
political evolution whi:h has taken place in the past eight or ten years 
The contagion of greed has become epidemic in every department, in every 
walk of life; the student, the inventor, the rain ifaeturer, the capitalist 
and the common laborer have become unscupulous promoters with an ideal 
of greatness in some form, and the path leading to their goal is strewn with 
wrecks of their ambitions. The Chief Executive is the victim of the politi¬ 
cian’s avai iciousness, just as the masses are the victims of trusts, and 
capital, of labor. Domination prevades the very atmospnere we breathe: 
ambition to obtain richer, greatness and power is deep-seated in the 
American’s heart, each one thinking he is right, each one advocating laws 
to subdue iniquities either real or imaginary in others. The capatalists 
demand laws to control labor and the common people are appeal - 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICIALS. 


57 


ing to our National Congress for relief; political avariciousness 
is also reacting, hence the demand for a Civil Service and Merit 
Law. I believe that a large per cent, of our people honestly attempt 
to select the best and most competent men for the higher public positions; 
but while conscientious and patriotic motives prompt many to activity in 
advocating an able and representative man for Chief Executive, or some 
less important position, prospective renumeration sti nulates the local 
self-constituted political dictator to espouse his candidacy and is quite 
often instrumental in his success. This “precinct Moses” lavishly pledges 
the candidate’s patronage and the endless chain of promise* brings victory 
at the primaries. After the election is over, the army of promisees headed 
by the promisor invades the victor’s office, demanding payment in the way 
of public positions, too often without regard to ability. They demand the 
removal of public servants, regardless of merit and experience, to secure 
places for themselves or friends; they disregard qualification, they regard 
patronage a commodity, a political legal tender, and proclaim as the Ro¬ 
mans did—“To the victors belong the spoils.” This condition prompted 
the Chief Executive, before he was chosen to the high office which he 
now occupies, to advocate a Civil Service Law, and after two-years’ experi¬ 
ence as Governor, he earnestly and conscientiously urges the enactment 
of such a law. The great Civil Service Board, the voters, selects a man 
for Governor whom they believe is fitted for the position; thay scrutinize 
closely and rarely err; he is honest, conscientious, diplomatic, discriminat¬ 
ing, a student of political economy, social problems and a thorough busi¬ 
ness man. 

No less is this true of the other State officers; they are the business 
managers of the affairs of this great State; they recommend the enactment 
of laws, they shape the policies, they are the custodians of the State’s prop¬ 
erty and in their hands rests indirectly the care of thousands of unfortunate 
wards. They have to deal with problems of the greatest importance,—ques¬ 
tions which require careful thought,study and consultation. The unprece¬ 
dented increase in wealth and population is attended with questions of vital 
importance to all, and in their efforts to solve.the many and quite often 
formidable propositions they should not be annoyed by officeseekers; they 
should be permitted to dovote their time and energy to problems of 
the greatest importance; hence, no better argument favoring Civil Service 
and a Merit Law can be produced than one to relieve the Chief Executive 
of the growing, ceasless and relentless demands made upon him by office- 
seeKers. I am not convinced that the governing rules of a Civil Service 
Board will select more competent employes than a discriminating, unham¬ 
pered State official; nor am 1 positive that the State’s service will be im¬ 
proved by a drastic Merit Law if the head of a department is powerless to 
discharge an employe. We all know that long-continued service does not 
necessarily insure the best results no more than continued use betters a 
machine, nor does a guarantee of permanency in office promote energy in 
all cases; but, on the contrary, it may promote lethargy and possibly a 
mild form of insolence. Fear of removal, is quite often the back-bone of 
loyalty and to take that power away from a superior officer is relieving 


ORGANIZATION AND FIRST MEETING OF THE 


58 

him of every patent faction in discipline; heuc6, in our efforts to improve 
existing conditions, we must not destroy the power of discipline, for where 
it is absent, chaos reigns. I believe that a Merit Law giving the superior 
officer absolute power to control subordinates, (as the National law is in¬ 
terpreted by President Roosevelt), supported by a rational Civil Service 
examination, that the public servant will be protected against greedy poli¬ 
ticians and the State officials will be relieved of the disagreeable burden of 
distributing patronage. This question should be settled by level-headed 
and unbiased men who base their judgment upon experience rather than 
by theorists or impulsive reformers. 

During the past winter the subject has been given much attention by 
those interested; they informed themselves of the working of the system 
where it has been adopted, conferred with subordinates and heads of our 
institutions, and, as a result of their investigation, a bill was presented to 
the legislature. The measure received an extremely warm reception, and 
when it made its exit from the House of Representatives it had the ap¬ 
pearance of having had an aninmated session with white-caps. I do not 
know whether the bellicose demonstration was against the principles of the 
bill or against the ultra-reformers who Have been somewhat extravagant in 
charging mismanagement in State affairs; but 1 do know that,regardless of 
what may have prompted the action of the Legislature, it is to be deplor¬ 
ed that a body of intelligent citizens of this great State, prompted by 
rumoror misrepresentations, should be so indiscreet as to impulsively adopt 
the following resolution and publish it to the world, as was done willfully 
within the past ten days by a reform organization in the City of Chicago: 
“The public service of Hiionis has been characterized by plundering 
of the State treasury, political assessment of employes, padding of pay¬ 
rolls scandals, incompstency and wickedness, which results are known 
and proven part and p ircel of a vicioussystem maintained for p irtisian pur¬ 
poses.” They knov that the declarations therein are in the main false: 
they know that no other State in the Union upholds the dignity of the law 
more righteously than does Illinois; they know that the wards of this Scat ) 
are well cared for and that the management of our State institutions is 
pointed to by other States as the pace-makers for the world. They also 
must kno v that the criminal charge they mak9 humiliates every loyal 
citizen and casts a shadow over the fair name of our State. Vituperation 
is an irritant, a reactor, and can have but one effect and that, to abort 
rather than hasten reform. 

At the conclusion of Mr. Snivel’s paper, the Executive Committee 
reported the following programme ior the next meeting: 

“ rhe Soldiers’ and S lilors’ Home,” Gen. J. C. Black. 

“The Practical Working of Reformatories,” M. M. Mallary. 

“Stats Training School for Girls,” Mrs. Ophelia Amigh. 

“State Board of Arbitration,” J. McCann Davis. 

The following resolution was offered by E. J. Ingersol, Secretary of the 
Board of the Trustees of Southern Illinois State Normal, Carbondale 
Illinois: 

Rssolv^d, That we tender to our Governor, Richard Yate 3 , our thanks 


LB Ap ? Q4 


ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF STATE OFFICI ALS. 


59 


for the tim *ly organization of the State Boards into an intelligent union for 
the betterment of the State’s gre itest interests here represented, and that 
we ask the Secretary of this organization that he secure and publish with 
the minutes of this day’s proceedings the several able papers read for our 
instruction and entertainment. 

T le resolution unanimmsly passed by a rising vote. 

On Motion the meeting adjourned. 












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